See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

BOULDER See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

CLAY  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, a See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, often full of boulders, which is formed in and beneath glaciers and See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-sheets wherever they are found, but is in a See also:

• SPECIAL

special sense the typical deposit of the Glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• AMERICA

America . See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

Boulder clay is variously known as " till " or " ground See also:

• MORAINE

moraine " (Ger . Blocklehme, Geschiebsmergel or Grundmorane; Fr. argile a blocaux, moraine profonde; Swed . Krosstenslera) . It is usually a stiff, tough clay devoid of stratification; though some varieties are distinctly laminated . Occasionally, within the boulder clay, there are irregular lenticular masses of more or less stratified See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel or See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam . As the boulder clay is the result of the See also:

• ABRASION (from Lat. ab, off, and radere, to scrape)

abrasion (See also:

• DIRECT

direct or indirect) of the older rocks over which the ice has travelled, it takes its See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour from them; thus, in See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, over Triassic and Old Red See also:

• SANDSTONE

Sandstone areas the clay is red, over Carboniferous rocks it is often See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, over See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock it may be See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff or See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, and where the ice has passed over See also:

• CHALK

chalk the clay may be quite See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and chalky (chalky boulder clay) . Much boulder clay is of a bluish-grey colour where unexposed, but it becomes See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown upon being weathered . The boulders are held within the clay in an irregular manner, and they vary in See also:

• SIZE

size from See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere pellets up to masses many tons in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . Usually they are somewhat oblong, and often they possess a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side or " See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole "; they may be angular, sub-angular, or well rounded, and, if they are hard rocks, they frequently See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear grooves and scratches caused by contact with other rocks while held firmly in the moving ice . Like the clay in which they are See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne, the boulders belong to districts over which the ice has travelled; in some regions they are mainly limestones or sandstones; in others they are See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, basalts, gneisses, &c.; indeed, they may consist of any hard rock . By the nature of the contained boulders it is often possible to trace the path along which a vanished ice-See also:

• SHEET

sheet moved; thus in the Glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England many Scandinavian rocks can be recognized .

- With the exception of See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

foraminifera which have been found in the boulder clay of widely separated regions, fossils are practically unknown; but in some maritime districts marine shells have been incorporated with the clay . See GLACIAL PERIOD; and See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

GLACIER .