See also:

• BOWLING (Lat. bulla, a globe, through O. Fr. boule, ball)

BOWLING (See also:

• LAT

Lat. bulla, a globe, through O. Fr. See also:

• BOULE (Gr. 0ovXi ,, literally " will," " advice "; hence a " council ")

boule, See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball)  , an indoor See also:

• GAME

game played upon an See also:

• ALLEY (from the Fr. allee, a walk)

alley with wooden balls and nine or ten wooden pins . It has been played for centuries in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, where it is still in high favour, but attains its greatest popularity in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, whence it was introduced in colonial times from See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . The Dutch inhabit-ants of New See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, now New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, were much addicted to it, and up to the See also:

• YEAR

year 184o it was played on the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal resort of the bowlers being the square just See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

Battery still called See also:

• BOWLING (Lat. bulla, a globe, through O. Fr. boule, ball)

Bowling Green . The first covered alleys were made of hardened See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay or of See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, but tho§e in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue at See also:

• PRESENT

present are built up of alternate strips of See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine and See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, about 1 x 3 in. in See also:

• SIZE

size, set on edge, and fastened together and to the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the alley with the nicest See also:

• ART

art of the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet-maker . The width of the alley is 412 in., and its whole length about 8o ft . From the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, or See also:

• APEX

apex, See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin to the foul-See also:

• LINE

line, over which the player may not step in delivering the See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball, the distance is 6o ft . On each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the alley is a 9-in . " See also:

• GUTTER (O. Fr. goutiere, mod. gouttiere, from Lat. gutta, drop)

gutter " to catch any balls that are bowled wide . Originally nine pins, set up in the See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, were used, but during the first See also:

• PART

part of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the game of " nine-pins " was prohibited by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the excessive betting connected with it . This See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance, however, was soon evaded by the addition of a tenth pin, resulting in the game of " ten-pins," the pastime in vogue to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The ten pins are set up at the end of the alley in the form of a right-angled triangle in four rows, four pins at the back, then three, then two and one as head pin . The back See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row is placed 3 in. from the alley's edge, back of which is the pin-See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit, 10 in. deep and about 3 ft. wide .

The back See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall is heavily padded (often with a heavy, swinging See also:

• CUSHION (from O. Fr. coisson, coussin; according to the New English Dict., from Lat. coxa, a hip; others say from Lat. culcita, a quilt)

cushion), and there are safety corners for the pin-boys, who set up the pins, See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the scores and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the balls in the sloping " railway " which returns them to the players' end of the alley . The pins are made of hard maple and are 15 in. high, 24 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter at their See also:

• BASE

base and 15 in. in circumference at the thickest point . The balls, which are made of some very hard wood, usually lignum vitae, may be of any size not exceeding 27 in. in circumference and 161 lb in See also:

• WEIGHT

weight . They are provided with holes for the thumb and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• FINGER

finger . As many may See also:

• PLAY

play on a side as please, five being the number for championship teams, though this sometimes varies . Each player rolls three balls, called a See also:

• FRAME

frame, and ten frames constitute a game, unless otherwise agreed upon . In first-class matches two balls only are rolled . If all ten pins are knocked down by the first ball the player makes a strike, which See also:

• COUNTS

counts him ro plus whatever he may make with the first two balls of his next frame . If, however, he should then make another strike, ro more are added to his See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score, making 20, to which are added the pins he may knock down with his first ball of the third frame . This may also score a strike, making 30 as the score of the first frame, and, should the player keep up this high See also:

• AVERAGE

average, he will score the maximum, 300, in his ten frames . If all the pins are knocked down with two balls it is called a spare, and the player may add the pins made by the first ball of his second frame . This seemingly complicated mode of scoring is comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple when properly lined score-boards are used .

Of course, if all three balls are used no strike or spare is scored, but the number of pins overturned is recorded . The tens of thousands of bowling clubs in the United States and See also:

• CANADA

Canada are under the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American Bowling See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, which meets once a year to revise the rules and hold contests for the See also:

• NATIONAL

national championships . Several See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor varieties of bowling are popular in See also:

• AMERICA

America, the most in vogue being " Cocked See also:

• HAT

Hat," which is played with three pins, one in the head-pin position and the others on either corner of the back row . The pins are usually a little larger than those used in the See also:

• REGULAR

regular game, and smaller balls are used . The maximum score is 9o, and all balls, even those going into the gutter, are in play . "Cocked hat and See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

Feather" is similar, except that a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth pinisadded, placed in the centre . Other See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of bowling are " Quintet," in which five pins, set up like an arrow pointed towards the bowler, are used; the " See also:

• BATTLE

Battle Game," in which 12 can be scored by knocking down all but the centre, or See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, pin; " Head Pin and Four Back," in which five pins are used, one in the head-pin position and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest on the back line; " Four Back "; " Five Back "; " See also:

• DUCK

Duck Pin "; " Head Pin," with nine pins set up in the old-fashioned way, and " See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

Candle Pin," in which thin pins tapering towards the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and bottom are used, the other rules being similar to those of the regular game . The American bowling game is played to a slight extent in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Germany . In the latter See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, however, the old-fashioned game of nine-pins (Kegelspiel) with solid balls and the pins set up diamond-See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, obtains universally_ The alleys are made with less care than the American, being of_cement, See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt, slate or See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble .