See also:

• BOYAR (Russ. boyarin, plur. boyare)

BOYAR (Russ. boyarin, plur. boyare)  , a dignity of Old See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia conterminous with the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Originally the boyars were the intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and confidential advisers of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior members of his druzhina or bodyguard, his comrades and champions . They were divided into classes according to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, most generally determined bypersonal merit and service . Thus we hear of the " See also:

• OLDEST

oldest," " See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder " and the " younger " boyars . At first the dignity seems to have been occasionally, but by no means invariably, hereditary . At a later See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the boyars were the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief members of the prince's duma, or See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, like the senatores of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and Lithuania . Their further designation of luchshie lyudi or " the best See also:

• PEOPLE

people " proves that they were generally richer than their See also:

• FELLOW

fellow subjects . So See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the princes, in their interminable struggles with the barbarians of the See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

Steppe, needed the assistance of the towns, " the best people " of the cities and of the druzhina proper mingled freely together both in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce; but after Yaroslav's crushing victory over the See also:

• PETCHENEGS, or PATZINAKS

Petchenegs in ro36 beneath the walls of See also:

• KIEV
• KIEV, KIEFF, or KIYEFF

Kiev, the two classes began to draw apart, and a See also:

• POLITICAL

political and economical difference between the members of the princely druzhina and the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of the towns becomes discernible . The townsmen devote themselves henceforth more exclusively to commerce, while the druzhina asserts the privileges of an exclusively military See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste with a See also:

• PRIMARY

primary claim upon the See also:

• LAND

land . Still later, when the courts of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes were established, the boyars appear as the first grade of a full-blown See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court aristocracy with the exclusive See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of possessing land and See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs . Hence their See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of dvoryane (courtiers), first used in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand there was no distinction, as in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, between the Dienst Adel (See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of service) and the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple Adel .

The Russian boyardom had no corporate or class privileges, (1) because their importance was purely See also:

• LOCAL

local (the dignity of the principality determining the degree of dignity of the boyars), (2) because of their inalienable right of transmigration from one prince to another at will, which prevented the formation of a settled aristocracy, and (3) because See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth did not determine but only facilitated the attainment of high rank, e.g. the son of a See also:

• BOYAR (Russ. boyarin, plur. boyare)

boyar was not a boyar See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, but could more easily attain to boyardom, if of superior See also:

• PERSONAL

personal merit . It was reserved for See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great to transform the boyarstvo or boyardom into something more nearly resembling the aristocracy of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West . See See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Markevich, The History of Rank-priority in the See also:

• REALM

Realm of Muscovy in the i5th–28th Centuries (Russ.) (See also:

• ODESSA

Odessa, 1888) ; V . Klyuchevsky, The BoyarDuma of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient Russia (Russ.) (See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, 1888) . (R . N . B.) BOY-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

BISHOP, the name given to the " bishop of the boys " (episcopus puerorum or innocentium, sometimes episcopus scholariorum or chorestarum), who, according to a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom very wide-spread in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, was chosen in connexion with the festival of See also:

• HOLY

Holy Innocents . For the origin of the curious authority of the boy-bishop and of the See also:

• RITES

rites over which he presided, see See also:

• FOOLS, FEAST OF (Lat. festum stultorum, fatuorum, follorum, Fr. fete des fous)

Fools, FEAST OF . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the boy-bishop was elected on See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 6, the feast of St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas, the See also:

• PATRON

patron of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and his authority lasted till Holy Innocents' day (December 28) . The See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election made, the lad was dressed in full bishop's See also:

• ROBES (Fr. robe, Late Lat. roba, raupa, meaning (1)

robes with See also:

• MITRE (Lat. mitra, from Gr. j4rpa, a band, head-band, head-dress)

mitre and See also:

• CROZIER
• CROZIER, WILLIAM (1855– )

crozier and, attended by comrades dressed as priests, made a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the See also:

• TOWN

town blessing the people . At See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury the boy-bishop seems to have actually had ecclesiastical patronage during his episcopate, and could make valid appointments . The boy and his colleagues took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and performed all the ceremonies and offices except See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass .

Originally, it seems, confined to the cathedrals, the custom spread to nearly all the parishes . Several ecclesiastical See also:

• COUNCILS

councils had attempted to abolish or to restrain the abuses of the custom, before it was prohibited by the council of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in 1431 . It was, however, too popular to be easily suppressed . In England it was abolished by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. in 1542, revived by See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary in 1552 and finally abolished by See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . On the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent it survived longest in Germany, in the so-called Gregoriusfest, said to have been founded by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory IV. in 828 in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of St Gregory, the patron of See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . A school-boy was elected bishop, duly vested, and, attended by two boy-deacons and the town See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, proceeded to the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, where, after a hymn in honour of St Gregory had been sung, he preached . At See also:

• MEININGEN

Meiningen this custom survived till 1799 . See See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand, Pop . Antiquities of Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (19o5); Gasquet, Parish See also:

• LIFE

Life in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

Medieval England (1906) ; Du Cange, Glossarium (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1884), s.v .