See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE See also:

• BOYER, ALEXIS (1757-1833)
• JEAN PIERRE BOYER (1776-1850)

BOYER (1776-1850)  , See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the re-public of See also:

• HAITI [HAITI, HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO, Or HISPANIOLA]

Haiti, a See also:

• MULATTO (Span. and Port. mulato, diminutive of mulo, Lat. mulus, a mule, used as denoting a hybrid origin)

mulatto, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PORT

Port-au-See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince on the 28th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1776 . He received a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• EDUCATION

education in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and, returning to St Domingo, joined the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in 1792 . In 1794 he was already in command of a See also:

• BATTALION

battalion, and fought with distinction under See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• RIGAUD, HYACINTHE (1659-1743)

Rigaud against the See also:

• ENGLISH

English . The See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro insurrection underToussaintl'Ouverture, which was directed against the mulattoes as well as the whites, ultimately forced him to take See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in France . He was well received by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and in 1802 obtained a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in Leclerc's expedition . Being opposed to the reinstitution of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery, he turned against the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and succeeded in producing an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between the negroes and mulattoes by which they were driven from the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . Dessalines, a negro, was proclaimed See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, but his See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty and despotism were such that See also:

• BOYER, ALEXIS (1757-1833)
• BOYER, JEAN PIERRE (1776-1850)

Boyer combined with A.A . S . Petion and General Christophe to overthrow him (1806) . Christophe now seized the supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but Petion set up an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic in the southerfi See also:

• PART

part of the island, with Boyer as See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . Christophe's efforts to crush this See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state were defeated by Boyer's gallant See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of Port-au-Prince, and a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of brilliant victories, which, on Petion's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1818, led to Boyer's See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election as president . Two years later the death of Christophe removed his only See also:

• RIVAL

rival, and he gained almost undisputed See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the whole island .

During his See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency Boyer did much to set the finances and the ad-ministration in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and to encourage the arts and sciences, and in 1825 obtained French recognition of the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Haiti, in return for a See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of 150,000 francs . The See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of this See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt excited the greatest discontent in Haiti . Boyer was able to carry on his See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for some years longer, but in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1843 a violent insurrection overthrew his power and compelled him to take refuge in See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica . He resided there till 1848, when he removed to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he died in 185o . See Wallez, Precis historique See also:

• DES

des negotiations entre la France et See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Domingue, avec une See also:

• NOTICE

notice biographique sur le general Boyer (Paris, 1826) .