See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• ROBERT BOYLE (1627-1691)

BOYLE (1627-1691)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English natural philosopher, seventh son and fourteenth See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1691)

Boyle, the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

Cork, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LISMORE

Lismore See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, on the 25th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1627 . While still a child he learned to speak Latin and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and he was only eight years old when he was sent to See also:

• ETON

Eton, of which his See also:

• FATHER

father's friend, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• WOTTON, NICHOLAS (c. 1497–1567)
• WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568–1639)
• WOTTON, WILLIAM (1666-1727)

Wotton, was then See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost . After spending over three years at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, he went to travel abroad with a French See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor . Nearly two years were passed in See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva; visiting See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in 1641, he remained during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of that See also:

• YEAR

year in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, studying the " paradoxes of the great See also:

• STAR

star-gazer " Galileo, who died within a See also:

• LEAGUE

league of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1642 . Returning to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in 1644 he found that his father was dead and had See also:

• LEFT

left ' in which he criticized the " experiments whereby vulgar Spagyhim the See also:

• MANOR

manor of Stalbridge in See also:

• DORSETSHIRE (DORSET)

Dorsetshire, together with estates in Ireland . From that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he gave up his See also:

• LIFE

life to study and scientific See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research, and soon took a prominent See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the See also:

• BAND

band of inquirers, known as the " Invisible College," who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the " new See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy." They met frequently in See also:

• LONDON

London, often at See also:

• GRESHAM, SIR THOMAS (1519-1579)
• GRESHAM, WALTER QUINTON (1832-1895)

Gresham College; some of the members also had meetings at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, and in that city Boyle went to reside in 1654 . See also:

• READING

Reading in 1657 of See also:

• OTTO

Otto von See also:

• GUERICKE, HEINRICH ERNST FERDINAND (1803-1878)
• GUERICKE, OTTO VON (1602-1686)

Guericke's See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-See also:

• PUMP

pump, he set himself with the assistance of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• HOOKE, ROBERT (1635–1703)

Hooke to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the " machina Boyleana " or " Pneumatical See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

Engine," finished in 1659, he began a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of experiments on the properties of air . An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• WORK

work he did with this See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument was published in 166o under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title New Experiments Physico-See also:

• MECHANICAL

Mechanical touching the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of air and its effects . Among the critics of the views put forward in this See also:

• BOOK

book was a Jesuit, Franciscus See also:

• LINUS

Linus (1595-1675), and it was while answering his objections that Boyle enunciated the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law that the See also:

• VOLUME

volume of a See also:

• GAS

gas varies inversely as the pressure, which among English-speaking peoples is usually called after his name, though on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe it is attributed to E . See also:

• MARIOTTE, EDME (c. 1620-1684)

Mariotte, who did not publish it till 1676 . In 1663 the " Invisible College " became the " Royal Society of London for improving natural knowledge," and the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of See also:

• INCORPORATION (from Lat. incorporare, to form into a body)

incorporation granted by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. named Boyle a member of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . In 168o he was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the society, but declined the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour from a See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple about oaths .

In 1668 he left Oxford for London where he resided at the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of his See also:

• SISTER

sister, See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• RANELAGH

Ranelagh, in See also:

• PALL

Pall Mall . About 1689 his See also:

• HEALTH

health, never very strong, began to fail seriously and he gradually withdrew from his public engagements, ceasing his communications to the Royal Society, and advertising his See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be excused from receiving guests, " unless upon occasions very extraordinary," on Tuesday and See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon . In the leisure thus gained he wished to " recruit his See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, range his papers," and prepare some important chemical investigations which he proposed to leave " as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of Hermetic See also:

• LEGACY (Lat. legatum)

legacy to the studious disciples of that See also:

• ART

art," but of which he did not make known the nature . His health became still worse in 1691, and his See also:

• DEATH

death occurred on the 3oth of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December of that year, just a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week after that of the sister with whom he had lived for more than twenty years . He was buried in the See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields, his funeral See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon being preached by his friend See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• BURNET
• BURNET, GILBERT (1643-1715)
• BURNET, THOMAS (1635-1715)

Burnet . Boyle's great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out the principles which See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon preached in the Novum Organum . Yet he would not avow himself a follower of Bacon or indeed of any other teacher: on several occasions he mentions that in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to keep his See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment as unprepossessed as might be with any of the See also:

• MODERN

modern theories of philosophy, till he was " provided of experiments " to help him See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of them, he refrained from any study of the Atomical and the Cartesian systems, and even of the Novum Organum itself, though he admits to " transiently consulting " them about a few particulars . Nothing was more See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien to his See also:

• MENTAL

mental temperament than the See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning of hypotheses . He regarded the acquisition of knowledge as an end in itself, and in consequence he gained a wider outlook on the aims of scientific inquiry than had been enjoyed by his predecessors for many centuries . This, however, did not mean that he paid no See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical application of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science nor that he despised knowledge which tended to use . He himself was an alchemist; and believing the transmutation of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of effecting it; and he was instrumental in obtaining the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal, in 1689, of the See also:

• STATUTE

statute of Henry IV. against multiplying See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver . With all the important work he accomplished in physics—the enunciation of Boyle's law, the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the See also:

• PART

part taken by air in the See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing See also:

• WATER

water, on specific gravities and refractive See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, on crystals, on See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, on See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, on See also:

• HYDROSTATICS (Gr. iibwp, water, and the root Ora-, to cause to stand)

hydrostatics, &c.—See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry was his See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar and favourite study .

His first book on the subject was The Sceptical Chemist, published in 1661, rists are wont to endeavour to evince their See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt, See also:

• SULPHUR

Sulphur and lllercury to be the true Principles of Things." For him chemistry was the science of the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of substances, not merely an See also:

• ADJUNCT (from Lat. ad, to, and jungere, to join)

adjunct to the arts of the alchemist or the physician . He advanced towards the modern view of elements as the undecomposable constituents 'of material bodies; and understanding the distinction between mixtures and compounds, he made considerable progress in the technique of detecting their ingredients, a See also:

• PROCESS

process which he designated by the See also:

• TERM

term " See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis." He further supposed that the elements were ultimately composed of particles of various sorts and sizes, into which, however, they were not to be resolved in any known way . Applied chemistry had to thank him for improved methods and for an extended knowledge of individual substances . He also studied the chemistry of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion and of respiration, and made experiments in See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, where, however, he was hampered by the "tenderness of his nature " which kept him from anatomical dissections, especially of living animals, though he knew them to be " most instructing." Besides being a busy natural philosopher, Boyle devoted much time to See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, showing a very decided leaning to the practical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and an indifference to controversial polemics . At the Restoration he was favourably received at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and in 1665 would have received the provostship of Eton, if he would have taken orders; but this he refused to do, on the ground that his writings on religious subjects would have greater See also:

• WEIGHT

weight coming from a layman than a paid See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . He spent large sums in promoting the spread of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, contributing liberally to missionary See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, and to the expenses of translating the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible or portions of it into various See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . By his will he founded the Boyle lectures, for proving the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion against " notorious infidels, viz. atheists, theists, pagans, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and Mahommedans," with the proviso that controversies between Christians were not to be mentioned . In See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person Boyle was tall, slender and of a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale countenance . His constitution was far from robust, and throughout his life he suffered from feeble health and See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low spirits . While his scientific work procured him an extraordinary reputation among his contemporaries, his private See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and virtues, the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of his social See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, his wit and powers of conversation, endeared him to a large circle of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . He was never married . His writings are exceedingly voluminous, and his See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is clear and straightforward, though undeniably prolix .

The following are the more important of his See also:

• WORKS

works in addition to the two already mentioned :—Considerations touching the Usefulness of Experimental Natural Philosophy (1663), followed by a second part in 1671; Experiments and Considerations upon See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

Colours, with Observations on a See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond that Shines in the Dark (1663); New Experiments and Observations upon See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

Cold (1665) ; Hydrostatical Paradoxes (1666); Origin of Forms and Qualities according to the Corpuscular Philosophy (1666); a continuation of his work on the spring of air (1669) ; tracts about the Cosmical Qualities of Things, the Temperature of the Subterraneal and Submarine Regions, the Bottom of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, &c. with an Introduction to the See also:

• HISTORY

History of Particular Qualities (1670); Origin and Virtues of Gems (1672); Essays of the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange Subtilty, great Efficacy, determinate Nature of Effluviums (1673) ; two volumes of tracts on the Saltness of the Sea, the Hidden Qualities of the Air, Cold, See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

Celestial Magnets, Animadversions on See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes's Problemata de Vacuo (1674) ; Experiments and Notes about the Mechanical Origin or See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

Production of Particular Qualities, including some notes on electricity and See also:

• MAGNETISM
• MAGNETISM, TERRESTRIAL

magnetism (1676) ; Observations upon an artificial Substance that Shines without any Preceding See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

Illustration (1678) ; the Aerial Noctiluca (1680) ; New Experiments and Observations upon the Icy Noctiluca (1682) ; a further continuation of his work on the air; See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs for the Natural History of the Human See also:

• BLOOD

Blood (1684); See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short Memoirs for the Natural Experimental History of See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

Waters (1685); Medicina Hydrostatica (1690); and Experiments et Observationes Physicae (1691) . Among his religious and philosophical writings were: Seraphic Love, written in 1648, but not published till 1660; an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

Essay upon the Style of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Scriptures (1663); Occasional Reflections upon Several Subjects (1665), which was ridiculed by See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift in A Pious Meditation upon a Broomstick, and by See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1774-1839)
• BUTLER, SAMUEL (1835-1902)
• BUTLER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS (1838– )
• BUTLER, WILLIAM ARCHER (1814-1848)

Butler in An Occasional Reflection on Dr Charlton's Feeling a See also:

• DOG

Dog's See also:

• PULSE

Pulse at Gresham College; Excellence of Theology compared with Natural Philosophy (1664); Some Considerations about the Reconcileableness of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

Reason and Religion, with a Discourse about the Possibility of the Resurrection (1675); Discourse 356 of Things above Reason (1681); High Veneration See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man owes to See also:

• GOD

God (1685); A See also:

• FREE

Free Inquiry into the vulgarly received Notion of Nature (1686) ; and the Christian Virtuoso (1690) . Several other works appeared after his death, among them The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General History of the Air designed and begun (1692) ; a " collection of choice remedies," Medicinal Experiments (1692—1698) ; and A Free Discourse against Customary See also:

• SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to answer, Ger. schworen, Dan. svaerge, &c., all from root sorer-, to make a sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, Lat. susurrus)

Swearing (1695) . An incomplete and unauthorized edition of Boyle's works was published at Geneva in 1677, but the first See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition was that of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

Birch, with a life, published in 1744, in five See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio volumes, a second edition appearing in 1772 in six volumes, 4to . Boyle bequeathed his natural history collections to the Royal Society, which also possesses a portrait of him by the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German painter, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Kerseboom (1632—1690) .