See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CHARLES BRADLAUGH (1833-1891)

BRADLAUGH (1833-1891)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• FREE

free-thinker and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Hoxton, See also:

• LONDON

London, on the 26th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1833 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a poor See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor's clerk, who also had a small business as a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law stationer, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother had been a nursemaid . At twelve years old he became See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office-boy to his father's employer, and at fourteen See also:

• WHARF

wharf-clerk and See also:

• CASHIER

cashier to a See also:

• COAL

coal See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City Road . He had been baptized and brought up in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, but he now came into See also:

• CON

con-tact with a See also:

• GROUP

group of free-thinkers who were disciples of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• CARLILE, RICHARD (1790-1843)

Carlile . He was hastily labelled an " atheist," and was turned out of his situation . Thus driven into the arms of the secularists, he managed to See also:

• EARN

earn a living by See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd jobs, and became further immersed in the study of 'free-thought . At the end of 185o he enlisted as a soldier, but in,1853 was bought out with See also:

• MONEY

money provided by his mother . He then found employment as a lawyer's clerk, and gradually became known as a free-thought lecturer, under the name of " Iconoclast." From r86o he conducted the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Reformer for several years, and displayed much resource in legal See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence when the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper was prosecuted by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its alleged See also:

• BLASPHEMY (through the Fr. from Gr. PXaa4o ta, profane language, slander, probably derived from root of )3X

blasphemy and See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition in 1868-1869 . See also:

• BRADLAUGH, CHARLES (1833-1891)

Bradlaugh became notorious as a leading " infidel," and was supported by the sympathy of those who were enthusiasts at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of speech and thought . He was a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant figure in the law courts; and his competence to take the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath was continually being called in question, while his See also:

• ATHEISM (from Gr. as, privative, and Oebs, God)

atheism and republican opinions were adduced as reasons why no See also:

• JURY

jury should give See also:

• DAMAGES (through O. Fr. damage, mod. Fr. dommage, from Lat. damnum, loss)

damages for attacks on his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In 1874 he became acquainted with Mrs Annie See also:

• BESANT, SIR WALTER (1836-1901)

Besant (b . 1847), who afterwards became famous for her gifts as a lecturer on See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism and See also:

• THEOSOPHY (from Gr. Oe6s, god, and vogbta, wisdom)

theosophy .

She began by See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing for the National Reformer and soon became co-editor . In 1876 the See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol publisher of an See also:

• AMERICAN

American pamphlet on the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population question, called Fruits of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy, was indicted for selling a See also:

• WORK

work full of indecent physiological details, and, See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading guilty, was lightly sentenced; but Bradlaugh and Mrs Besant took the See also:

• MATTER

matter up, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to vindicate their ideas of liberty, and aggressively republished and' circulated the pamphlet . The See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution which resulted created considerable See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal . They were convicted and sentenced to a heavy See also:

• FINE

fine and imprisonment, but the .See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was stayed and the See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment ultimately quashed on a technical point . The affair, however, had several See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side issues in the courts and led to much See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice against the defendants, the distinction being ignored between a protest against the suppression of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion and the championship of the particular opinions in question . Mrs Besant's See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Bradlaugh eventually terminated in 1886, when she drifted from See also:

• SECULARISM

secularism, first into socialistic and labour agitation and then into theosophy as a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Mme See also:

• BLAVATSKY, HELENA PETROVNA (1831-1891)

Blavatsky . Bradlaugh himself took up politics with increasing fervour . He had been unsuccessful in See also:

• STANDING

standing for See also:

• NORTHAMPTON
• NORTHAMPTON, ASSIZE OF
• NORTHAMPTON, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Northampton in 1868, but in 188o he was returned by that See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament as an advanced See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical . A See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and sensational See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary struggle now began . He claimed to be allowed to affirm under the Parliamentary Oaths See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, and the rejection of this pretension, and the refusal to allow him to take the oath on his professing his willingness to do so, terminated in Bradlaugh's victory in 1886 . But this result was not obtained without protracted scenes in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House, in which See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• RANDOLPH, EDMUND [JENNINGS] (1753–1813)
• RANDOLPH, JOHN (1773–1833)
• RANDOLPH, PEYTON (1721-1775)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1523-1590)
• RANDOLPH, THOMAS (1605-1635)

Randolph See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill took a leading See also:

• PART

part . When the long struggle was over, the public had gradually got used to Bradlaugh, and his transparent honesty and courageous contempt for See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere popularity gained him increasing respect .

Experience of public See also:

• LIFE

life in the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons appeared to give him a more balanced view of things; and before he died, on the 3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1891, the progress of events was such that it was beginning to be said of him that he was in a See also:

• FAIR

fair way to end as a Conservative . Hard, arrogant and dogmatic, with a powerful physique and a real See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift for popular See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory, he was a natural Ieader in causes which had society against them, but his sincerity was as unquestionable as his combativeness . His Life was written, from a sympathetic point of view, with much interesting detail as to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of secularism, by his daughter, Mrs Bradlaugh See also:

• BONNER, EDMUND (1500?—1569)

Bonner, and J . M . See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson (1894) .