GEORG See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

MORRIS See also:

• COHEN (Hebrew for " priest ")

COHEN See also:

• GEORG MORRIS COHEN BRANDES (1842– )

BRANDES (1842– )  , Danish critic and See also:

• LITERARY

literary historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen on the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1842 . He became a student in the university in 1859, and first studied See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence . From this, however, his maturer See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste soon turned to See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• AESTHETICS

aesthetics . In 1862 he won the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal of the university for an See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on The See also:

• NEMESIS

Nemesis See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

Idea among the Ancients . Before this, indeed since 1858, he had shown a remarkable See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift for See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse-See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, the results of which, however, were not abundant enough to justify See also:

• SEPARATE

separate publication . See also:

• BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN (1842– )

Brandes, indeed, did not collect his poems till so See also:

• LATE

late as 1898 . At the university, which he See also:

• LEFT

left in 1864, Brandes was much under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the writings of See also:

• HEIBERG, JOHAN LUDVIG (1791-186o)

Heiberg in See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism and Soren See also:

• KIERKEGAARD, SOREN AABY (1813-1855)

Kierkegaard in philosophy, influences which have continued to leave traces on his See also:

• WORK

work . In 1866 he took See also:

• PART

part in the controversy raised by the See also:

• WORKS

works of Rasmus Nielsen in a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on " See also:

• DUALISM (from rare Lat. dualis, containing two, from duo)

Dualism in our See also:

• RECENT

Recent Philosophy." From 1865 to 1871 he travelled much in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, acquainting himself with the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of literature in the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal centres of learning . His first important contribution to letters was his Aesthetic Studies (1868), in which, in several brief monographs on Danish poets, his maturer method is already foreshadowed . In 187o he published several important volumes, The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Aesthetics of Our Days, dealing chiefly with See also:

• TAINE, HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE (1828-1893)

Taine, Criticisms and Portraits, and a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of The Subjection of See also:

• WOMEN

Women of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill, whom he had met that See also:

• YEAR

year during a visit to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Brandes now took his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as the leading critic of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Europe, applying to See also:

• LOCAL

local conditions and habits of thought the methods of Taine . He became docent or reader in Belles Lettres at the university of Copenhagen, where his lectures were the sensation of the See also:

• HOUR

hour .

On the professorship of Aesthetics becoming vacant in 1872, it was taken as a See also:

• MATTER

matter of course that Brandes would be appointed . But the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young critic had offended many See also:

• SUS

sus- ceptibilities by his ardent advocacy of See also:

• MODERN

modern ideas; he was known to be a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew, he was convicted of being a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

Radical, he was suspected of being an atheist . The authorities refused to elect him, but his fitness for the See also:

• POST

post was so obvious that the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of Aesthetics in the university of Copenhagen remained vacant, no one else daring to place himself in comparison with Brandes . In the midst of these polemics the critic began to issue the most ambitious of his works, See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main Streams in the Literature of the Nineteenth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

Century, of which four volumes appeared between 1872 and 1875 (See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation, 1901–1905) . The brilliant novelty of this criticism of the literature of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief countries of Europe at the beginning of the 19th century, and his description of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general revolt against the pseudo-classicism of the 18th century, at once attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention outside See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . The tumult which gathered See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the critic increased the success of the work, and the reputation of Brandes See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew apace, especially in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . Among his later writings must be mentioned the monographs on Soren Kierkegaard (1877), on Esaias See also:

• TEGNER, ESAIAS (1782-1846)

Tegner (1878), on See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin Disraeli (1878), See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand See also:

• LASSALLE, FERDINAND (1825-1864)

Lassalle (in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, 1877), Ludvig See also:

• HOLBERG, LUDVIG HOLBERG, BARON (1684-1754)

Holberg (1884), on Henrik See also:

• IBSEN, HENRIK (1828-1906)

Ibsen (1899) and on Anatole See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France (1905) . Brandes has written with See also:

• GREAT

great fulness on the main contemporary poets and novelists of his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and of See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, and he and his disciples have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been the arbiters of literary fame in the north . His Danish Poets (1877), containing studies of Carsten See also:

• HAUCH, JOHANNES CARSTEN (1790-1872)

Hauch, See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Bodtcher, See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• WINTHER, CHRISTIAN (1796–1876)

Winther, and Paludan-See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

MUller, his Men of the Modern Transition (1883), and his Essays (1889), are volumes essential to the proper study of modern Scandinavian literature . He wrote an excellent See also:

• BOOK

book on See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland (1888; English translation, 1903), and was one of the editors of the German version of Ibsen . In 1877 Brandes left Copenhagen and settled in See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, taking a considerable part in the aesthetic See also:

• LIFE

life of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . His See also:

• POLITICAL

political views, however, made See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia uncomfortable for him, and he returned in 1883 to Copenhagen, where he found a whole new school of writers and thinkers eager to receive him as their See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader .

The most important of his recent works has been his study of See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare (1897–1898), which was translated into English by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer, and at once took a high position . It was, perhaps, the most authoritative work on Shakespeare, not principally intended for an English-speaking See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience, which had been published in any country . He was afterwards engaged on a See also:

• HISTORY

history of modern Scandinavian literature . In his See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical work, which extends over a wider See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field than that of any other living writer, Brandes has been aided by a singularly charming See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, lucid and reasonable, enthusiastic without extravagance, brilliant and coloured without affectation . His influence on the Scandinavian writers of the 'eighties was very great, but a reaction, headed by Holger See also:

• DRACHMANN, HOLGER HENRIK HERBOLDT (1846-1908)

Drachmann, against his " realistic " doctrines, began in 1885 (see DENMARK: Literature) . In 1900 he collected his works for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and popular edition, and began to superintend a German complete edition in 1902 . His See also:

• BROTHER

brother Edvard Brandes (b . 1847), also a well-known critic, was the author of a number of plays, and of two psycho-logical novels: A Politician (1889), and Young See also:

• BLOOD

Blood (1899) .