See also:

• BRANDING (from Teutonic brinnan, to burn)

BRANDING (from See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic brinnan, to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn)  , in criminal See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law a mode of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment; also a method of marking goods or animals; in either See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case by stamping with a hot See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . The Greeks branded their slaves with a See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta, A, for AoDXos . Robbers and runaway slaves were marked by the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans with the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter F (See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur, fugitivus); and the toilers in the mines, and convicts condemned to figure in gladiatorial shows, were branded on the forehead for See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification . Under See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face was not permitted to be so disfigured, the See also:

• BRANDING (from Teutonic brinnan, to burn)

branding being on the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm or See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf . The See also:

• CANON

canon law sanctioned the punishment, and in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France See also:

• GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley-slaves could be branded " TF " (travaux forces) until 1832 . In See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, however, branding was illegal . The punishment was adopted by the Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, and the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient law of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England authorized the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty . By the See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of Vagabonds (1547) under See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI. vagabonds, See also:

• GIPSIES, or GYPSIES

gipsies and brawlers were ordered to be branded, the first two with a large V on the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast, the last with F for " fraymaker." Slaves, too, who ran away were branded with S on cheek or forehead . This law was repealed in 1636 . From the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII. branding was inflicted for all offences which received benefit of See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy (q.v.), but it was abolished for such in 1822 . In 1698 it was enacted that those convicted of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• THEFT

theft or See also:

• LARCENY (an adaptation of Fr. larcin, O. Fr. larrecin, from Lat. latrocinium, theft, latio, robber)

larceny, who were entitled to benefit of clergy, should be " burnt in the most visible See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• LEFT

left cheek, nearest the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose." This See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance was repealed in 1707 . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• NAYLER (or NAYLOR), JAMES (1618-166o)

Nayler, the mad Quaker, who in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1655 claimed to be the See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah, had his See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue bored through and his forehead branded B for blasphemer .

In the See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster criminal See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court a branding-iron is still pre-served in the See also:

• DOCK

dock . It is a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• BOLT

bolt with a wooden handle at one end and an M (malefactor) at the other . See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close by are two iron loops for firmly securing the hands during the operation . The See also:

• BRANDER, GUSTAVUS (1720-1787)

brander, after examination, would turn to the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge and exclaim, " A See also:

• FAIR

fair See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, my See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord." Criminals were formerly ordered to hold up their hands before See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence to show if they had been previously convicted . See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

Cold branding or branding with cold irons became in the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the mode of nominally inflicting the punishment on prisoners of higher See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank . " When See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• MORITZ, KARL PHILIPP (1757-1793)

Moritz, a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, visited England in 1782 he was much surprised at this See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, and in his See also:

• DIARY

diary mentioned the case of a clergyman who had fought a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel and killed his See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park . Found guilty of See also:

• MANSLAUGHTER (0. Eng., mannslaeht, from mann, man, and slaeht, act of slaying, sledn, to slay, properly to smite; cf. Ger. schlagen, Schlacht, battle)

manslaughter he was burnt in the hand, if that could be called burning which was done with a cold iron " (See also:

• MARKHAM, GERVASE (or JERVIS) (1568?-1637)
• MARKHAM, MRS
• MARKHAM, SIR CLEMENTS ROBERT (183o- )
• MARKHAM, WILLIAM (1719-1807)

Markham's Ancient Punishments of Northants, 1886) . Such cases led to branding becoming obsolete, and it was abolished in 1829 except in the case of deserters from the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . These were marked with the letter D, not with hot irons but by See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing with See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink or See also:

• GUNPOWDER

gunpowder . Notoriously See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad soldiers were also branded with BC (bad See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character) . By the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1858 it was enacted that the court-See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial, in addition to any other penalty, may See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order deserters to be marked on the left See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, 2 in. below the armpit, with the letter )t), such letter to be not less than 1 in. long . In 1819 this was abolished .

See W . See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, Old Time Punishments (See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, 1890) ; A . M . See also:

• EARLE, JOHN (c. 16o1-1665)
• EARLE, RALPH (1751-1801)

Earle, Curious Punishments of Bygone Days (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1896) .