See also:

• BRANKS (probably akin to Irish brancas, a halter; Ger. Pranger, fetter, pillory)

BRANKS (probably akin to Irish brancas, a halter; Ger. Pranger, fetter, See also:

• PILLORY (0. Fr. pilori, Prov. espitlori, from Lat. speculatorium, a place of observation or " peep-hole ")

pillory)  , or SCOLDING-BRIDLE, a contrivance formerly in use throughout See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland for the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of scolding See also:

• WOMEN

women . It is said to have originated in the latter See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . It seems to have never been a legalized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of punishment; but corporations and lords of manors in England, See also:

• TOWN

town See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, See also:

• KIRK, SIR JOHN (1832- )

kirk-sessions and See also:

• BARONY

barony courts in Scotland assumed a right to inflict it . While specially known as the " See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

Gossip's or See also:

• SCOLD

Scold's Bridle" the See also:

• BRANKS (probably akin to Irish brancas, a halter; Ger. Pranger, fetter, pillory)

branks was also used for women convicted of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty offences, breaches of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street-See also:

• BRAWLING (probably connected with Ger. brallen, to roar, shout)

brawling and abusive See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . It was the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the male punishments of the See also:

• STOCKS

stocks and See also:

• PILLORY (0. Fr. pilori, Prov. espitlori, from Lat. speculatorium, a place of observation or " peep-hole ")

pillory . In its earliest form it consisted of a hoop See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-piece of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, opening by hinges at the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side so as to enclose the head, with a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat piece of iron projecting inwards so as to See also:

• FIT

fit into the mouth and See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue down . Later it was made, by a multiplication of hoops, more like a cage, the front forming a See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

mask of iron with holes for mouth, See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and eyes . Sometimes the mouth-See also:

• PLATE

plate was armed with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short spike . With this on her head the offending woman was marched through the streets by the See also:

• BEADLE

beadle or chained to the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• CROSS

cross to be gibed at by passers . The date of origin is doubtful . It was used at See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh in 1567, at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow in 1574, but not before the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century in any See also:

• ENGLISH

English town . A brank in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Waltonon-See also:

• THAMES

Thames, See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, bears date 1633; while another in a private collection has the crowned See also:

• CIPHER, or CYPHER (from Arab. sifr, void)

cipher of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III .

The Ashmolean Museum at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, the Scottish See also:

• NATIONAL

National Museum of Antiquities at Edinburgh, the towns of See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield, See also:

• SHREWSBURY
• SHREWSBURY, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (166o-1718)
• SHREWSBURY, DUKE
• SHREWSBURY, EARLS OF
• SHREWSBURY, ELIZABETH TALBOT, COUNTESS OF (1518–16o8)
• SHREWSBURY, JOHN TALBOT, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1453)

Shrewsbury, See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester and See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester have examples of the brank . As See also:

• LATE

late as 1856 it was in use at See also:

• BOLTON (BOLTON-LE-MOORS)
• BOLTON (or BOULTON), EDMUND (1S75?-1633?)
• BOLTON, DUKES OF

Bolton-le-See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire . See W . See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, Old See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

Time Punishments (See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, 189o) ; A . M . See also:

• EARLE, JOHN (c. 16o1-1665)
• EARLE, RALPH (1751-1801)

Earle, Curious Punishments of Bygone Days (See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, 1896) .