BRAWLING (probably connected with Ger. brallen, to roar, shout)  , in law, the offence of quarrelling, or creating a disturbance in a church or churchyard . During the early stages of the Reformation in England religious controversy too oftenbecame converted into actual disturbance, and the ritual lawlessness of the parochial clergy very frequently provoked popular violence . To repress these disturbances an act was passed in 1551, by which it was enacted " that if any person shall, by words only, quarrel, chide or brawl in any church or churchyard, it shall be lawful for the ordinary of the place where the same shall be done and proved by two lawful witnesses, to suspend any person so offending, if he be a layman, from the entrance of the church, and if he be a clerk, from the ministration of his office, for so long as the said ordinary shall think meet, ac-cording to the fault." An act of 1553 added the punishment of imprisonment until the party should repent . The act of 1551 was partly repealed in 1828 and wholly repealed as regards laymen by the Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 186o . Under that act, which applies to Ireland as well as to England, persons guilty of riotous, violent or indecent behaviour, in churches and chapels of the Church of England or Ireland, or in any chapel of any religious denomination, or in England in any place of religious worship duly certified, or in churchyards or burial-grounds, are liable on conviction before two justices to a penalty of not more than 5, or imprisonment for any term not exceeding two months . This enactment applies to clergy as well as to laity, and a clergyman of the Church of England convicted under it may also be dealt with under the Clergy Discipline Act of 1892 (Girt v . Fillingham, 1901, L.R . Prob . 176) . When Mr J . Kensit during an ordination service in St Paul's cathedral " objected " to one of the candidates for ordination, on grounds which did not constitute an impediment or notable crime within the meaning of the ordination service, he was held to have unlawfully disturbed the bishop of London in the conduct of the service, and to be liable to conviction under the act of 186o (Kensit v . Dean and Chapter of St Paul's, 1905, L.R .

2 K.B . 249) . The public worship of

Protestant Dissenters, Roman Catholics and Jews in England had before 186o been protected by a series of statutes beginning with the Toleration Act of 1689, and ending with the Liberty of Religious Worship Act 1855 . These enactments, though not repealed, are for practical purposes superseded by the summary remedy given by the act of 186o . In Scotland disturbance of public worship is punishable as a breach of the peace (Dougall v . Dykes, 1861, 4 Irvine rot) . In British possessions abroad interference with religious worship is usually dealt with by legislation, and not as a common-law offence . In India it is an offence voluntarily to cause disturbance to any assembly lawfully engaged in the performance of religious worship or religious ceremonies (Penal Code, s . 296) . Under the Queensland Criminal Code of 1899 (s . 207) penalties are imposed on persons who wilfully and without lawful justification or excuse (the proof of which lies on them) disquiet or disturb any meeting of persons lawfully assembled for religious worship, or assault any forces lawfully officiating at such meeting, or any of the persons there assembled . In the United States disturbance of religious worship is treated as an offence under the common law, which is in many states supplemented by legislation (see Bishop, Amer .

Crim . Law, 8th ed . 1892, vol. i . S . 542, vol. ii. ss . 303-305;

California Penal Code, s . 302; Revised Laws of Massachusetts, 1902, chap . 212, s . 30.) .