BREDA  , a fortified See also:

• TOWN

town in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant, See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, at the confluence of the canalized See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Merk and Aa, 15 m. by See also:

• RAIL

rail E.N.E. of Roozendaal . Pop . (1900) 26,296 . It is connected by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway with See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp (30 M . S.S.W.), and with Geertruidenberg in the north, and the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Duiveland on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . The fortress of Breda, which was once considered impregnable, has been dismantled, but the town is still protected by extensive lines of fortification and lies in the midst of a See also:

• DISTRICT

district which can be readily laid under See also:

• WATER

water . It has a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay, town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park . There are several See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic and See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant churches . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal Protestant See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church is a See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• BUILDING

building dating from the end of the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, with a fine See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, and a See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of later date (1410) . Among the many interesting monuments is the imposing See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of the See also:

• STADTHOLDER (Du. stadhouder, a delegate or representative)

stadtholder See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Engelbert II. of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau and his wife . This is the See also:

• WORK

work of Tomasino Vincenz of See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, who, though a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael in See also:

• PAINTING

painting, in See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture followed See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo, to whom the work is some-times ascribed . Since 1828 Breda has been the seat of a royalmilitary See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy for all arms of the service .

It also possesses a Latin school, an See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, and a See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison built on the isolated-See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell principle . The prison is in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a rotunda, 58 yds. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and covered by a high See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle is the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of this a small See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch-tower . See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round the walls of the rotunda are the cells, 208 in number, and arranged in four tiers with balconies reached by See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron staircases . Each cell See also:

• MEASURES

measures 35 cub. yds., is provided with an electric See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell communicating with the warder in the tower, heated by hot-See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air pipes, and lighted by See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day through a window on the See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the rotunda, and from sunset till ten o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock by electric See also:

• LIGHT

light . The See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries of Breda comprise the manufacture of See also:

• LINEN

linen and woollen goods, carpets, hats, See also:

• BEER

beer and musical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . In the neighbourhood of the town are the villages of Ginneken and Prinsenhage, situated in the midst of See also:

• PRETTY

pretty See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . They form favourite places of excursion, and in the woods at Ginneken is a Kneipp See also:

• SANATORIUM (a modern Latinism, formed from sanare, to cure, restore to health, sanus, whole, healthy, well; often wrongly spelled sanatarium or sanitarium)

sanatorium . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Breda was in the r, th century a See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• FIEF

fief of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire, its earliest known See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord being See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry I . (1098-1125), in whose See also:

• FAMILY

family it continued, though, from the latter See also:

• PART

part of the 13th century, in the See also:

• FEMALE

female See also:

• LINE

line, until Alix, heiress of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip (d . 1323), sold it to Brabant . In 1350 the fief was resold to See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John (See also:

• JAN

Jan) of Polanen (d .

1377), the heiress of whose line, See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna (d . 1445), married Engelbert of Nassau-Dillenburg (d . 1442) . Henceforth it remained in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Nassau, passing ultimately to See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I . (1533-1584), the first stadtholder of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands . Breda obtained municipal rights in 1252, but was first surrounded with walls in 1534 by Count Henry of Nassau, who also restored the old See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, originally built by John of Polanen in 1350 . From this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period until See also:

• LATE

late in the 19th century it remained the most important of the line of fortresses along the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse . Breda was captured by surprise by the Spaniards in 1581; but in 1590 it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell again into the hands of See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice of Nassau, 68 picked men contriving to get into the town concealed under the See also:

• TURF

turf in a See also:

• PEAT (possibly connected with Med. Lat. petia, pecia, piece, ultimately of Celtic origin; cf. O. Celt. pet, O. Ir. pit, Welsh peth, portion)

peat-See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat . The so-called " Spaniard's Hole " still marks the spot where the peat-boat See also:

• LAY

lay . Its surrender in 1625, after a ten months' See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, to the Spaniards under See also:

• SPINOLA, AMBROSE, MARQUIS DE LOS BALBASES (1569-1630)
• SPINOLA, CRISTOVAL ROJAS DE (d. 1695)

Spinola is the subject of the famous picture by Velasquez in the Museo del Prado in See also:

• MADRID

Madrid . In 1637 Breda was recaptured by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick Henry of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange after a four months' siege, and in 1648 it was finally ceded to Holland by the treaty of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia . During the See also:

• WARS

wars of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution, it was taken by See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez in 1793, evacuated soon after and retaken by See also:

• PICHEGRU, CHARLES (1761-1804)

Pichegru in 1795, after the whole of Holland had already succumbed to the French .

In 1813, a sally being made by the French See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison on an advance-guard of the Russians under Benckendorff, the citizens of Breda again made themselves masters of the town . Breda was the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, during his See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II., who, by the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of Breda (1660), made known the conditions of his See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of the See also:

• CROWN

crown of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1696 William, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Orange and See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of England, built the new castle, one of the finest buildings of the period, which now serves as the military academy . Breda also derives some celebrity from the various See also:

• POLITICAL

political congresses of which it has been the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene . In 1575 a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference was held here between the ambassadors of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and those of the See also:

• UNITED

United Provinces; in 1667 a See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was signed between England, Holland, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark; and in 1746–1747 the representatives of the same See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers met in the town to discuss the terms of another treaty .