See also:

• HENRI

HENRI See also:

• ALEXIS
• ALEXIS, WILLIBALD

ALEXIS See also:

• HENRI ALEXIS BRIALMONT (1821-1903)

BRIALMONT (1821-1903)  , Belgian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and military engineer, son of General See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent Mathieu See also:

• BRIALMONT, HENRI ALEXIS (1821-1903)

Brialmont (d . 1885), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• VENLO

Venlo in See also:

• LIMBURG
• LIMBURG, or LIMEOURG

Limburg on the 25th of May 1821 . Educated at the See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels military school, he entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army as sub-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers in 843, and became lieutenant in 1847 . From 1847 to 1850 he was private secretary to the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, General See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Chazal . In 1855 he entered the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, became See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major in 1861, lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel 1864, colonel in 1868 and major-general 1874 . In this See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank he held at first the position of director of fortifications in the See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp See also:

• DISTRICT

district (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1874), and nine months later he became inspector-general of fortifications and of the corps of engineers . In 1877 he became lieutenant-general . His far-reaching schemes for the fortification of the Belgian places met with no little opposition, and Brialmont seems to have See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt much disappointment in this; at any See also:

• RATE

rate he went in 1883 to See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania to advise as to the fortification See also:

• WORKS

works required for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and presided over the elaboration of the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme by which See also:

• BUCHAREST (Bucuresci)

Bucharest was to be made a first-class fortress . He was thereupon placed en disponibilite in his own service, as having undertaken the Bucharest works without the authorization of his See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . This was due in See also:

• PART

part to the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, which See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power regarded the Bucharest works as a menace to herself . His services were, however, too valuable to be lost, and on his return to See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium in 1884 he resumed his command of the Antwerp military district . He had, further, while in eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe., prepared at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of the Hellenic See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, a scheme for the defence of See also:

• GREECE

Greece .

He retired in 1886, but continued to supervise the Rumanian defences . He died on the 21st of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1903 . In the first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of his career as an engineer Brialmont's plans followed with but slight modification the ideas of See also:

• VAUBAN

Vauban; and his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original scheme for fortifying Antwerp provided for both See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte and forts being on a bastioned trace . But in 1859, when the See also:

• GREAT

great entrenched See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp at Antwerp was finally taken in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he had already gone over to the school of polygonal fortification and the ideas of See also:

• MONTALEMBERT, CHARLES FORBES RENE DE (1810-1870)
• MONTALEMBERT, MARC

Montalembert . About twenty years later Brialmont's own types and plans began to stand out amidst the general confusion of ideas on fortification which naturally resulted from the introduction of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-range guns, and from the events of 187o-71 . The extreme detached forts of the Antwerp region and the fortifications on the See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse at See also:

• LIEGE
• LIEGE (Walloon, Lige, Flemish, Luik, Ger. Lilltich)

Liege and See also:

• NAMUR
• NAMUR (Flemish, Namen)

Namur were constructed in accordance with Brialmont's final principles, viz. the lavish use of See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour to protect the See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery inside the forts, the suppression of all artillery positions open to overhead See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and the multiplication of intermediate batteries (see FORTIFICATION AND SIEGECRAFT) . In his capacity of inspector-general Brialmont drafted and carried out the whole scheme for the defences of Belgium . He was an indefatigable writer, and produced, besides essays, reviews and other papers in the See also:

• JOURNALS

journals, twenty-three important works and See also:

• FORTY

forty-nine See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets . In 185o he originated the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal de l'armee Beige . His most important publications were La Fortification du temps See also:

• PRESENT

present (Brussels, 1885); See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

Influence du tir plongeant et See also:

• DES

des obus-torpilles sur la fortification (Brussels, 1888) ; See also:

• LES

Les Regions fortifiees (Brussels, 189o); La Defense des 'tats et la fortification a la fin du XIXe siecle (Brussels, 1895); Progres de la defense des etats et de la fortification permanente depuis Vauban (Brussels, 1898) .