See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or See also:

• VAGRANCY (formed from " vagrant," wandering, unsettled; this word appears in Anglo-Fr. as wakerant and O.Fr. as wancrant, and is probably of Teut. origin, cf. M.L.G. welkern, to walk about; it is allied to Eng. " walk," and is not to be directly referred

vagrancy, bribe, See also:

• MID

Mid. See also:

• LAT

Lat. briba, signifying a piece of See also:

• BREAD

bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of See also:

• ALMS

alms, See also:

• BLACKMAIL

blackmail and See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion, to gifts received or given in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to influ  ence corruptly) . The public offence of See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery may be defined as the offering or giving of See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment in some shape or See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form that it may be a See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive in the performance of functions for which the proper motive ought to be a conscientious sense of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . When this is superseded by the sordid impulses created by the bribe, a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person is said to be corrupted, and thus corruption is a See also:

• TERM

term sometimes held See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to bribery . The offence may be divided into two See also:

• GREAT

great classes—the one where a person in-vested with See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power is induced by payment to use it unjustly; the other, where power is obtained by purchasing the suffrages of those who can impart it . It is a natural propensity, removable only by See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization or some powerful counteracting See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, to feel that every See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element of power is to be employed as much aspossible for the owner's own behoof, and that its benefits should be conferred not on those who best deserve them, but on those who will pay most for them . Hence judicial corruption is all inveterate See also:

• VICE

vice of imperfect civilization . There is, perhaps no other See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime on which the force of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, if unaided by public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion and morals, can have so little influence; for in other crimes, such as violence or See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud, there is generally some person immediately injured by the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act, who can give his aid in the detection of the offender, but in the perpetration of the offence of bribery all the immediate parties obtain what they See also:

• DESIRE

desire, and are satisfied . The See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification of the See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench from judicial bribery has been See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual in most of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries . In See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France it received an impulse in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century from the high-minded See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel de L'HOpital . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England judicial corruption has been a crime of remarkable rarity . Indeed, with the exception of a See also:

• STATUTE

statute of 1384 (repealed by the Statute Law Revision Act 1881) there has been no legislation See also:

• RELATING

relating to judicial bribery . The earliest recorded See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case was that of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe, who in 1351 was fined and removed from See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for accepting bribes .

Other celebrated cases were those of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael de la See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole, chancellor of England, in 1387; See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Chancellor See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon in 1621; Lionel Cranfield, See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex, in 1624; and Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker, 1st earl of See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield, in 1725 . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland for some years after the Revolution the bench was not without a suspicion of interested partiality; but since the beginning of the 19th century, at least, there has been in all parts of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire a perfect reliance on its purity . The same may be said of the higher class of ministerial See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . There is no doubt that in the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from the Revolution to the end of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne's reign, when a See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons was expelled for bribery, and the great See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough could not clear his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character from pecuniary dishonesty, there was much corruption in the highest See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official quarters . The level of the offence of official bribery has gradually descended, until it has become an extremely rare thing for the humbler officers connected with the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue to be charged with it . It has had a more lingering existence with those who, because their power is more of a constitutional than an official character, have been deemed less responsible to the public . During See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration there is no doubt that members of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament were paid in See also:

• CASH

cash for votes; and the memorable saying, that every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man has his See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, has been preserved as a characteristic indication of his method of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . One of the forms in which administrative corruption is most difficult of eradication is the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to office . It is sometimes maintained that the purity which characterizes the administration of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice is here unattainable, because in giving a See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment there is but one form in which it can be justly given, but when an office has to be filled many See also:

• PEOPLE

people may be equally fitted for it, and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal motives must influence a choice . It very rarely happens, however, that See also:

• DIRECT

direct bribery is supposed to influence such appointments . It does not appear that bribery was conspicuous in England until, in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PART

part of the 18th century, constituencies had thrown off the feudal dependence which lingered among them; and, indeed, it is often said, that bribery is essentially the defect of a See also:

• FREE

free people, since it is the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of that which is taken from others without payment . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English law bribery of a privy councillor or a juryman (see See also:

• EMBRACERY (from the O. Fr. embraseour, an embracer, i.e. one who excites or instigates, literally one who sets on fire, from embraser, to kindle a fire; " embrace," i.e. to hold or clasp in the arms, is from O. Fr. em-bracer, Lat.'in and bracchia, arms)

EMBRACERY) is punishable as a See also:

• MISDEMEANOUR (from O. Fr. mes- and demener, to conduct oneself ill)

misdemeanour, as is the taking of a bribe by any judicial or ministerial officer .

The buying and selling of public offices is also regarded at See also:

• COMMON

common law as a form of bribery . By the Customs Consolidation Act 1876, any officer in the customs service is liable to instant dismissal and a See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of £500 for taking a bribe, and any person offering or promising a bribe or See also:

• REWARD

reward to an officer to neglect his duty or conceal or connive at any act by which the customs may be evaded shall forfeit the sum of £200 . Under the Inland Revenue Regulations Act 1890, the bribery of commissioners, collectors, officers or other persons employed in relation to the Inland Revenue involves a See also:

• FINE

fine of £5oo . The See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

Merchant See also:

• SHIPPING

Shipping Act 1894, SS . 112 and 398, makes See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for certain offences in the nature of bribery . Bribery is, by the See also:

• EXTRADITION (Lat. cx, out, and traditio, handing over)

Extradition Act 1906, an extraditable offence, Administrative corruption was dealt with in the Public Bodies' Corrupt Practices Act 1889 . The public bodies concerned are See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, See also:

• TOWN

town or See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough councils, boards, commissioners, select vestries and other bodies having See also:

• LOCAL

local government, public See also:

• HEALTH

health or poor law See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and having for those purposes, to administer rates raised under public See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general acts . The giving or receiving, promising, offering, soliciting or agreeing to receive any See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift, See also:

• FEE

fee, See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan or See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage by any person as an inducement for any act or forbearance by a member, officer or servant of a public See also:

• BODY

body in regard to the affairs of that body is made a misdemeanour in England and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and a crime and offence in Scotland . See also:

• PROSECUTION

Prosecution under the act requires the consent of the See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney- or See also:

• SOLICITOR

solicitor-general in England or Ireland and of the lord See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate in Scotland . Conviction renders liable to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding two years, and to a fine not exceeding £5oo, in addition to or in lieu of imprisonment . The offender may also be ordered to pay to the public body concerned any bribe received by him; he may be adjudged incapable for seven years of holding public office, i.e. the position of member, officer or servant of a public body; and if already an officer or servant, besides forfeiting his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, he is liable at the discretion of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to forfeit his right to See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation or See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension . On a second conviction he may be adjudged forever incapable of holding public office, and for seven years incapable of being registered or of voting as a See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary elector, or as an elector of members of a public body .

An offence under the act may be prosecuted and punished under any other act applicable thereto, or at common law; but no person is to be punished twice for the same offence . Bribery at See also:

• POLITICAL

political elections was at common law punishable by See also:

• INDICTMENT (from Anglo-Fr. enditernent, enditer, to charge; Lat. in, against, dictare, declare)

indictment or See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, but numerous statutes have been passed dealing with it as a " corrupt practice." In this sense, the word is elastic in meaning and may embrace any method of corruptly influencing another for the purpose of securing his See also:

• VOTE

vote (see CORRUPT PRACTICES) . Bribery at elections of See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows, scholars, officers and other persons in colleges, See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and collegiate churches, hospitals and other See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies was prohibited in'588-1589 by statute (31 Eliz. c . 6) . If a member receives any See also:

• MONEY

money, fee, reward or other profit for giving his vote in favour of any See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate, he forfeits his own place; if for any such See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration he resigns to make See also:

• ROOM

room for a candidate, he forfeits See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the amount of the bribe, and the candidate by or on whose behalf a bribe is given or promised is incapable of being elected on that occasion . The act is to be read at every See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of fellows, &c., under a penalty of £40 in case of See also:

• DEFAULT (Fr. defaut, from defailler, to fail, Lat. fallere)

default . By the same act any person for corrupt consideration presenting, instituting or inducting to an ecclesiastical See also:

• BENEFICE (Lat. beneficium, benefit)

benefice or dignity forfeits two years' value of the benefice or dignity; the corrupt presentation is void, and the right to See also:

• PRESENT

present lapses for that turn to the See also:

• CROWN

crown, and the corrupt presentee is disabled from there-after holding the same benefice or dignity; a corrupt institution or See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction is void, and the See also:

• PATRON

patron may present . For a corrupt resignation or See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of a benefice the giver and taker of a bribe forfeit each double the amount of the bribe . Any person corruptly procuring the ordaining of ministers or granting of licenses to preach forfeits £40, and the person so ordained forfeits £10 and for seven years is incapacitated from holding any ecclesiastical benefice or promotion . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States the offence of bribery is very severely dealt with . In many states, bribery or the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to bribe is made a See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony, and is punishable with varying terms of imprisonment, in some jurisdictions it may be with a period not exceeding ten years . The offence of bribery at elections is dealt with on much the same lines as in England, voiding the election and disqualifying the offender from holding any office .

Bribery may also take the form of a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission (q.v.), a profit made by an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent, in the course of his employment, without the knowledge of his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal .