See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

BRIDE (a See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root bru-, See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

cook, brew; from the med. latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, is derived the Fr. bru)  , the See also:

• TERM

term used of a woman on her See also:

• WEDDING

wedding-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and applicable during the first See also:

• YEAR

year of wifehood . It appears in See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination with many words, some of them obsolete . Thus " bridegroom " is the newly married See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and " See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride-See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell," " bride-banquet " are old equivalents of wedding-bells, wedding-breakfast . " Bridal " (from Bride-See also:

• ALE

ale), originally the wedding-feast itself, has grown into a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general descriptive See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective, e.g. the bridal party, the bridal ceremony . The bride-cake had its origin in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman confarreatio, a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, the essential features of which were the eating by the couple of a cake made of See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, See also:

• WATER

water and See also:

• FLOUR

flour, and the holding by the bride of three See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat-ears, symbolical of plenty . Under Tiberius the cake-eating See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into disuse, but the wheat ears survived . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages they were either worn or carried by the bride . Eventually it became the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom for the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young girls to assemble outside the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• PORCH (through the Fr. porehe, from Lat. porticus; the Ital. equivalent is portico, corresponding to the Gr. vapOi ; Ger. Vorhalle)

porch and throw grains of wheat over the bride, and afterwards a scramble for the grains took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . In See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the wheat-grains came to be cooked into thin dry biscuits, which were broken over the bride's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, as is the custom in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland to-day, an oatmeal cake being used . In See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth's reign these biscuits began to take the form of small rectangular cakes made of eggs, See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, currants and spices . Every wedding See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest had one at least, and the whole collection were thrown at the bride the instant she crossed the See also:

• THRESHOLD

threshold . Those which lighted on her head or shoulders were most prized by the scramblers .

At last these cakes became amalgamated into a large one which took on its full glories of See also:

• ALMOND (from the O. Fr. almande or alemande, late Lat. amandola, derived through a form amingdola from the Gr. l uybian, an almond; the al- for a- is probably due to a confusion with the Arabic article al, the word having first dropped the a- as in the It

almond See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste and ornaments during See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II.'s time . But even to-day in rural parishes, e.g. See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north Notts, wheat is thrown over the bridal couple with the cry " See also:

• BREAD

Bread for See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• PUDDING

pudding for ever," expressive of a wish that the newly wed may be always affluent . The throwing of See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, a very ancientcustom but one later than the wheat, is symbolical of the wish that the bridal may be fruitful . The bride-See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup was the bowl or loving-cup in which the bridegroom pledged the bride, and she him . The custom of breaking this See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-cup, after the bridal couple had drained its contents, is See also:

• COMMON

common to both the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and the members of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Church . The former dash it against the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall or on the ground, the latter tread it under See also:

• FOOT

foot . The phrase " bride-cup " was also sometimes used of the bowl of spiced wine prepared at See also:

• NIGHT

night for the bridal couple . Bride-favours, anciently called bride-See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace, were at first pieces of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILK

silk or other lace, used to bind up the sprigs of See also:

• ROSEMARY

rosemary formerly worn at weddings . These took later the form of bunches of See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons, which were at last metamorphosed into rosettes . Bridegroom-men and bridesmaids had formerly important duties . The men were called bride-knights, and represented a survival of the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive days of marriage by See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture, when a man called his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in to assist to " lift " the bride . Brides-maids were usual in Saxon See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England .

The See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior of them had personally to attend the bride for some days before the wedding . The making of the bridal See also:

• WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath, the decoration of the tables for the wedding feast, the dressing of the bride, were among her See also:

• SPECIAL

special tasks . In the same way the senior groomsman (the best man) was the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal attendant of the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . The bride-wain, the See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

wagon in which the bride was driven to her new See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, gave its name to the weddings of any poor deserving couple, who drove a " wain " See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• VILLAGE

village, See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting small sums of See also:

• MONEY

money or articles of See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture towards their housekeeping . These were called bidding-weddings, or bid-See also:

• ALES (ALEsIus), ALEXANDER (1500-1565)

ales, which were in the nature of " benefit feasts . So general is still the custom of " bidding-weddings " in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, that printers usually keep the form of invitation in type . Sometimes as many as six See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred couples will walk in the bridal procession . The bride's wreath is a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian substitute for the gilt coronet all Jewish brides wore . The crowning of the bride is still observed by the Russians, and the Calvinists of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . The wearing of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange blossoms is said to have started with the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens, who regarded them as emblems of fecundity . It was introduced into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by the Crusaders . The bride's See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

veil is the See also:

• MODERN

modern form of the flammeum or large yellow veil which completely enveloped the Greek and Roman brides during the ceremony .

Such a coverint is still in use among the Jews and the Persians . See See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand, Antiquities of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (See also:

• HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830)

Hazlitt's ed., 1905) ; Rev J . See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• VAUX, CALVERT (1824-1895)

Vaux, Church See also:

• FOLKLORE

Folklore (1894) .