See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• JAMES BRINDLEY (1716-1772)

BRINDLEY (1716-1772)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Thornsett, See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, in 1716 . His parents were in. very humble circumstances, and he received little or no See also:

• EDUCATION

education . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventeen he was apprenticed to a millwright near See also:

• MACCLESFIELD
• MACCLESFIELD, CHARLES GERARD, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1618-1694)

Macclesfield, and soon after completing • his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship he set up in business for himself as a wheelwright at See also:

• LEEK

Leek, quickly becoming known for his ingenuity and skill in repairing all kinds of machinery . In 1752 he designed and set, up an See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine for draining some See also:

• COAL

coal-pits at See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton in See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire . Three years later he extended his reputation by completing the 'machinery for a See also:

• SILK

silk-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill at See also:

• CONGLETON
• CONGLETON, HENRY BROOKE PARNELL, 1ST BARON (1776-1842)

Congleton . In 1754, when the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BRIDGE

Bridge-See also:

• WATER

water was anxious to improve the outlets for the coal on his estates, See also:

• BRINDLEY, JAMES (1716-1772)

Brindley advised the construction of a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal from See also:

• WORSLEY
• WORSLEY, PHILIP STANHOPE (1835-1866)

Worsley to See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . The difficulties in the Way were See also:

• GREAT

great, but all were surmounted by his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, and his. crowning %riumph was the construction of an See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct to carry the canal at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 39 ft. over the See also:

• RIVER

river Irwell at See also:

• BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815)
• BARTON, BERNARD (1784–1849)
• BARTON, CLARA (1821– )
• BARTON, ELIZABETH (c. 1506–1534)

Barton . The great success of this canal encouraged similar projects, and Brindley was soon engaged in extending his first See also:

• WORK

work to the See also:

• MERSEY

Mersey, at See also:

• RUNCORN

Runcorn . He then designed and nearly completed what he called the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

Trunk Canal, connecting the See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent and See also:

• HUMBER

Humber with the Mersey . The See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire and See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire, the See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and the See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field Canals were also planned by him, and altogether he laid out over 36o m. of canals . He died at Turnhurst, Staffordshire, on the 3oth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1772 . Brindley retained to the last a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar roughness of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and demeanour; but his innate See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of thought more than compensated for his lack of training .

It is told of him that when in any difficulty he used to retire to See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, and there remain thinking out his problem until the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution became clear to him . His See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical ingenuity and fertility of resource were very remarkable, and he undoubtedly possessed the See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty in a very high degree . He was an enthusiastic believer in canals, and his reported See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer, when asked the use of navigable See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, " To feed canals," is characteristic, if not altogether See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic .