See also:

• BRITISH

BRITISH See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

EAST  See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

AFRICA still smaller Lakes Nakuro(5845ft.)and Elmenteita (586oft.),followed in turn by that of Lakes See also:

• HANNINGTON
• HANNINGTON, JAMES (1847-1885)

Hannington and See also:

• BARINGO

Baringo (q.v.) . Beyond Baringo the valley is drained See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north into See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Sugota, in 2 N., some 35 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, while north of this lies the much larger Lake See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf (q.v.), the valley becoming here somewhat less defined . On the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the rift-valley the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of cliffs is best marked between the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

equator and 1 ° S., where it is known as the Mau Escarpment, and about 1 ° N., where the Elgeyo Escarpment falls to a See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal valley separated from Lake Baringo by the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of Kamasia . Opposite Lake See also:

• NAIVASHA

Naivasha the Mau Escarpment is over 8000 ft. high . Its See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest is covered with a vast See also:

• FOREST

forest . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods become more open, and the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau falls to an open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country drained towards the Dogilani plains . On the west the cultivated districts of Sotik and Lumbwa, broken by wooded heights, fall towards See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria See also:

• NYANZA (from the ancient Bantu root word anza, a river or lake)

Nyanza . The Mau plateau reaches a height of 9000 ft. on the equator, north of which is the somewhat See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• NANDI

Nandi country, well watered and partly forested . In the treeless plateau of Uasin Gishu, west of Elgeyo, the See also:

• LAND

land again rises to a height of over 8000 ft., and to the west of this is the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• ELGON

Elgon (q.v.) . See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East of Lake Rudolf and south of Lake See also:

• STEFANIE

Stefanie is a large waterless See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe, mainly volcanic in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, from which rise mountain ranges . The highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak is See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Kanjora, 6900 ft. high . South of this arid region, strewn with great See also:

• LAVA

lava stones, are the Rendile uplands, affording pasturage for thousands of camels .

See also:

• RUNNING

Running north-west and south-east between Lake Stefanie and the Daua tributary of the See also:

• JUBA
• JUBA, or JUB

Juba is a mountain range with a steep escarpment towards the south . It is known as the Goro Escarpment, and at its eastern end it forms the boundary between the See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate and See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia . South-east of it the country is largely level See also:

• BUSH

bush covered See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, mainly waterless . [See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formations of See also:

• BRITISH

British East Africa occur in four regions possessing distinct physiographical features . The See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast plain, narrow in the south and rising somewhat steeply, consists of See also:

• RECENT

recent rocks . The See also:

• FOOT

foot plateau which succeeds is composed of sedimentary rocks dating from Trias to See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient plateau commencing at Taru extends to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Kikuyu and is composed of ancient crystalline rocks on which immense quantities of volcanic rocks—See also:

• POST

post-Jurassic to Recent—have accumulated to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the volcanic plateau of Central East Africa . The formations recognized are given in the following table: Sedimentary . 1 . See also:

• ALLUVIUM

Alluvium and superficial sands . Recent . . 2 .

See also:

• MODERN

Modern lake deposits, living See also:

• CORAL

coral See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock . 3 . Raised coral rock, See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate of Mom- basa See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island . See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene 4 . Gravels with See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint implements . 5 . Glacial beds of See also:

• KENYA

Kenya . Jurassic 6 . Shales and limestones of Changamwe . See also:

• KARROO

Karroo. j 7 . Flags and sandstones . . .

8 . Grits and shales of Masara and Taru . Carboniferous ? 9 . Shales of the See also:

• SABAKI

Sabaki See also:

• RIVER

river . to . See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

Schists and quartzites of Nandi . Archaean . 11 . Gneisses, schists, granites . Recent Active, dormant and See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcanoes . Post-Jurassic Kibo and volcanoes of the rift-valley .

to Pleistocene Kimawenzi, Kenya and plateau eruptions . Archaean.—These rocks prevail in the districts of Taru, Nandi and throughout Ukamba . A course See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss is the predominant rock, but is associated with garnetiferous See also:

• MICA

mica-schists and much intrusive See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite . See also:

• HORNBLENDE

Hornblende schists and beds of metamorphic See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone are rare . Cherty quartzites interbedded with mylonites occur on the flanks of the Nandi hills, but their See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age is not known . Carboniferous?—From shales on the Sabaki river Dr See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory obtained See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish-scales and specimens of Palaeanodonta Fischeri . Karroo.—The grits of Masara, near Rabai See also:

• MISSION

mission station and See also:

• MOMBASA

Mombasa, have yielded specimens of Glossopteris browniana See also:

• VAR

var. indica, thus indicating their Karroo age . Jurassic.—Shales and limestones of this age are well seen along the railway near Changamwe . They contain gigantic See also:

• AMMONITES

ammonites . According to Dr See also:

• WAAGEN, GUSTAV FRIEDRICH (1794-1868)
• WAAGEN, WILHELM HEINRICH (1841–1900)

Waagen the ammonites show a striking See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy to forms from the Acanthicus See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone of East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . Belemnites are plentiful . Pleistocene.—These are feebly represented by some See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder beds on the higher slopes of See also:

• KILIMANJARO

Kilimanjaro and Kenya .

They show that in Pleistocene times the glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Kenya extended much farther down the mountain slopes . Recent.—The ancient and more modern lake deposits have so far yielded no mammalian or other organic remains of See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Igneous and Volcanic.—A See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of volcanic rocks, over 150,000 sq. m. in See also:

• AREA

area, extends from beyond the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern to beyond the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern territorial limits . They belong to an older and a newer set . The older See also:

• GROUP

group commenced with a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of fissure eruptions along the site of the See also:

• PRESENT

present rift-valley and parallel with it . From these fissures immense and repeated flows of lava spread over the Kapte •nd Laikipia plateaus . At about the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, or a little later, Kenya and Kimawenzi, Elgon and Chibcharagnani were in eruption . The age of these volcanic outbursts cannot be more definitely stated than that they are post-Jurassic, and probably extended through Cretaceous into See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary times . This great volcanic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was followed by the eruptions of Kibo and some of the larger volcanoes of the rift-valley . The flows from Kibo include See also:

• NEPHELINE

nepheline and See also:

• LEUCITE

leucite basanite lavas See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in soda felspars . They See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close resemblance to the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian " Rhombenporphyrs." The See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of volcanic cones along the northern lower slopes of Kilimanjaro, those of the Kyulu mountains, Donyo Longonot and numerous craters in the rift-valley region, are of a slightly more recent date . A few of the volcanoes in the latter region have only recently become extinct; a few may be only dormant .

Donyo See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

Burn still emits small quantities of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, while Mount Teleki, in the neighbourhood of Lake Rudolf, was in eruption at the close of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate, See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—In its climate and vegetation British East Africa again shows an arrangement of zones parallel to the coast . The coast region is hot but is generally more healthy than the coast lands of other tropical countries, this being due to the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant beeeze from the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean and to the dryness of the See also:

• SOIL

soil . The rainfall on the coast is about 35 in. a See also:

• YEAR

year, the temperature tropical . The succeeding plains and the See also:

• OUTER

outer plateaus are more arid . Farther inland the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands—in which See also:

• TERM

term may be included all districts over 5000 ft. high—are very healthy, See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever being almost unknown . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature is about 66° F. in the cool See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season and 73° F. in the hot season . Over 7000 ft. the climate becomes distinctly colder and frosts are experienced . The average rainfall in the highlands is between 40 and 50 in . The country bordering Victoria Nyanza is typically tropical; the rainfall exceeds 6o in. in the year, and this region is quite unsuitable to Europeans . The hottest period throughout the protectorate is See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December to See also:

• APRIL

April, the coolest, See also:

• JULY

July to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The " greater rains " fall from See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March to See also:

• JUNE

June, the " smaller rains " in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November and December .

The rainfall is not, however, as See also:

• REGULAR

regular as is usual in countries within the tropics, and severe droughts are occasionally experienced . In the districts bordering Victoria Nyanza the flora resembles that of See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda (q.v.) . The characteristic trees of the coast regions are the See also:

• MANGROVE

mangrove and coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm . See also:

• EBONY (Gr. E(3evos)

Ebony grows in the scrub-See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle . Vast forests of See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives and junipers are found on the Mau escarpment; the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, fig and See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo on the Kikuyu escarpment; and in several regions are dense forests of great trees whose lowest branches are 50 ft. from the ground . Two varieties of the valuable See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber-See also:

• VINE

vine, Landolphia See also:

• FLORIDA

florida and Landolphia Kirkii, are found near the coast and in the forests . The higher mountains preserve distinct See also:

• SPECIES

species, the surviving remnants of the flora of a cooler period . The fauna is not abundant except in large mammals, which are very numerous on the drier See also:

• STEPPES

steppes . They include the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel (confined to the arid northern regions), See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant (more and more restricted to unfrequented districts), See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros, See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, many kinds of See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, See also:

• ZEBRA

zebra, See also:

• GIRAFFE

giraffe, See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus, See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and other See also:

• CARNIVORA

carnivora, and numerous monkeys . In many parts the rhinoceros is particularly abundant and dangerous . Crocodiles are See also:

• COMMON

common in the larger See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and in Victoria Nyanza . See also:

• SNAKES

Snakes are somewhat rare, the most dangerous being the puff-See also:

• ADDER

adder .

Centipedes and scorpions, as well as mosquitoes and other See also:

• INSECTS

insects, are also less common than in most tropical countries . In some districts bees are exceedingly numerous . The birds include the See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich, See also:

• STORK (A. S. store, Ger. Storch)

stork, See also:

• BUSTARD (corrupted from the Lat. Avis tarda, though the application of the epithet' is not easily understood)

bustard and secretary-See also:

• BIRD

bird among the larger varieties, the See also:

• GUINEA

guinea See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, various kinds of See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur fowl, and the lesser bustard, the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• PIGEON

pigeon, See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

weaver and See also:

• HORNBILL

hornbill . By the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of lakes and rivers are to be seen thousands of See also:

• CRANES (so called from the resemblance to the long neck of the bird, cf. Gr. 'y pavor, Fr. grue)

cranes, pelicans and flamingoes . Inhabitants.—The See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is chiefly in the Kikuyu uplands, the rift-valley, and in the Kenya region . The whites are mostly agriculturists . There are also See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Indian settlers in the same districts . The See also:

• AFRICAN

African races include representatives of various See also:

• STOCKS

stocks, as the country forms a borderland between the See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro and Hamitic peoples, and contains many tribes of doubtful See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities . The See also:

• BANTU

Bantu See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the negroes is represented chiefly in the south, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tribes being the Wakamba, Wakikuyu and Wanyika . By the north-east shores of Victoria Nyanza dwell the See also:

• KAVIRONDO

Kavirondo (q.v.), a See also:

• RACE

race remarkable among the tribes of the protectorate for their nudity . Nilotic tribes, including the Nandi (q.v.), Lumbwa, Suk and Turkana, are found in the north-west . Of Hamitic See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain are the See also:

• MASAI

Masai (q.v.), a race of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-rearers speaking a Nilotic See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, who occupy See also:

• PART

part of the uplands bordering on the eastern rift-valley .

A See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Masai which has adopted the settled See also:

• LIFE

life of agriculturists is known as the Wakuafi . The Galla See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Hamites is represented, among others, by Borani living Igneous and Volcanic . south of the Goro Escarpment (though the true Boran countries are Liban and Dirri in Abyssinian territory), while Somali occupy the country between the See also:

• TANA

Tana and Juba rivers . Of the Somali tribes the Herti dwell near the coast and are more or less stationary . Further inland is the nomadic tribe of Ogaden Somali . The Gurre, another Somali tribe, occupy the country south of the lower See also:

• DANA, CHARLES ANDERSON (1819–'897)
• DANA, FRANCIS (1743-1811)
• DANA, JAMES DWIGHT (1813-1895)

Dana . See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting tribes are the Wandorobo in Masailand, and scattered tribes of small stature in various parts . The coast-land contains a mixed population of See also:

• SWAHILI (Wa-Swahili, i.e. coast people, from the Arabic sail, coast)

Swahili, Arab and Indian immigrants, and representatives of numerous interior tribes . Provinces and Towns.—The protectorate has been divided into the provinces of Seyyidie (the south coast See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital Mombasa); Ukamba, which occupies the centre of the protectorate (capital See also:

• NAIROBI

Nairobi); Kenya, the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Mt . Kenya (capital Fort See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall); Tanaland, to the north of the two provinces first named (capital Lamu); Jubaland, the northern region (capital Kismayu); Naivasha (capital Naivasha); and Kisumu (capital Kisumu) ; each being in turn divided into districts and sub-districts . Naivasha and Kisumu, which adjoin the Victoria Nyanza, formed at first the eastern province of Uganda, but were transferred to the East Africa protectorate on the 1st of April 1902 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PORT

port of the protectorate is Mombasa (q.v.) with a population of about 30,000 .

The See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour on the south-west See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Mombasa island is known as Kilindini, the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the Uganda railway . On the mainland, nearly oppositeMombasa See also:

• TOWN

town, is the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of freed slaves named Freretown, after See also:

• SIR

Sir Bartle See also:

• FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846)
• FRERE, PIERRE EDOUARD (1819-1886)
• FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD (1815-1884)

Frere . Freretown (called by the natives Kisaoni) is the headquarters in East Africa of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church Missionary Society . It is the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Mombasa and possesses a See also:

• FINE

fine church and mission See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Lamu, on the island of the same name, 150 M. north-east of Mombasa, is an ancient settlement and the headquarters of the coast See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . Here are some Portuguese ruins, and a large Arab See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city is buried beneath the sands . The other towns of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note on the coast are Malindi, Patta, Kipini and Kismayu . At Malindi, the" Melind " of See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise Lost, is the See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar erected by Vasco da Gama when he visited the port in 1498 . The harbour is very shallow . Kismayu, the northernmost port of the protectorate, 320 M. north-east of Mombasa, is the last sheltered anchorage on the east coast and is invaluable as a harbour of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge . Flourishing towns have grown up along the Uganda railway . The most important, Nairobi (q.v.), 327 M. from Mombasa, 257 from Port See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, was chosen in 1907 as the administrative capital of the protectorate .

Naivasha, 64 m. north-north-west of Nairobi, lies in the rift-valley close to Lake Naivasha, and is 6230 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . It enjoys an excellent climate and is the centre of a See also:

• EUROPEAN

European agricultural settlement . Kisumu or Port Florence (a term confined to the harbour) is a flourishing town built on a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill overlooking Victoria Nyanza . It is the entrep8t for the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of Uganda . Communications.—Much has been done to open up the country by means of roads, including a See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk road from Mombasa, by Kibwezi in the upper Sabaki See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, and Lake Naivasha, to See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley See also:

• BAY

Bay on Victoria Nyanza . But the most important See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering See also:

• WORK

work under-taken in the protectorate was the construction of a railway from Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza, for which a preliminary survey was executed in 1892, and on which work was begun in 1896 . The See also:

• LINE

line chosen roughly coincides with that of the road, until she equator is reached, after which it strikes by a more See also:

• DIRECT

direct route across the Mau plateau to the lake, which it reaches at Port Florence on Kavirondo Gulf . The railway is 584 m. long and is of See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre (3.28 ft.) See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge, the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan, and South and Central African lines being of 3 ft . 6 in. gauge . The Uganda railway is essentially a mountain line, with gradients of one in fifty and one in sixty . From Mombasa it crosses to the mainland by a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge See also:

• HALF

half a mile long, and ascends the plateau till it reaches the edge of the rift-valley, 346 m. from its starting point, at the Kikuyu Escarpment, where it is 7600 ft. above the sea . It then descends across ravines bridged by viaducts to the valley See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor, dropping to a level of 6oi1 ft., and next ascending the opposite (Mau) escarpment to the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit, 8321 ft. above sealevel—the highest point on the line .

In the remaining See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m. of its course the level sinks to 3738 It., the See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of the station at Port Florence . The railway was built by the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government at a cost of £5,331,000, or about £9500 per mile . The first See also:

• LOCOMOTIVE

locomotive reached Victoria Nyanza on the 26th of December tgof ; and the L,ermaneat way was practically completed by Macch 1903, w':See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

ea Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Whitehouse, the engineer who had been in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the construction from the beginning, resigned his post . The railway, by doing away with the See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage of goods by men, gave the final See also:

• DEATH

death-See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow to the slave trade in that part of East Africa . It also facilitated the continued occupation and development of Uganda, which was, previous to its construction, an almost impossible task, owing to the prohibitive cost of the carriage of goods from the coast—£6o per ton . The two avowed See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of the railway—the destruction of the slave trade and the securing of the British position in Uganda—have been attained; moreover, the railway by opening up land suitable for European settlement has also done much towards making a prosperous See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of the protectorate, which was regarded before the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of the line as little better than a See also:

• DESERT

desert (see below, See also:

• HISTORY

History) . The railway also shows a See also:

• FAIR

fair return on the capital See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure, the surplus after defraying all working expenses being £56,000 in 1905-1906 and £76,000 in 1906-1907 . Mombasa is visited by the boats of several steamship companies, the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German East Africa line maintaining a fortnightly service from See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . There is also a regular service to and from India . A See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, from capere, to take hold of)
• CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1844– )

cable connecting Mombasa with See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar puts the protectorate in direct telegraphic communication with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• WORLD

world . There is also an inland See also:

• SYSTEM

system of telegraphs connecting the chief towns with one another and with Uganda . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture and other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—In the coast region and by the shores of Victoria Nyanza the products are tropical, and cultivation is mainly in the hands of the natives or of Indian immigrants .

There are, however, numerous plantations owned by Europeans . See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize and other grains are raised in large quantities; cotton and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco are cultivated . The coco-nut palm plantations yield See also:

• COPRA (a Spanish and Portuguese adaptation of the Malay kopperah, and Hindustani khopra, the coco-nut)

copra of excellent quality, and the bark of the mangrove trees is exported for tanning purposes . In some inland districts beans of the See also:

• CASTOR

castor oil plant, which grows in great abundance, are a lucrative See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of trade . The See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane, which grows freely in various places, is cultivated by the natives . The collection of rubber likewise employs numbers of See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Among the European settlers in the higher regions much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is devoted to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of vegetables, and very large crops of potatoes are raised . Oats, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat and See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee are also grown . The uplands are peculiarly adapted for the raising of stock, and many of the white settlers possess large flocks and herds . See also:

• MERINO

Merino See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep have been introduced from See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia . Ostrich farms have also been established . See also:

• CLOVER

Clover, See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne, ryegrass and similar See also:

• GRASSES

grasses have been introduced to improve and vary the See also:

• FODDER

fodder .

Other See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable products of economic value are many varieties of See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees, and fibre-producing See also:

• PLANTS

plants, which are abundant in the scrub regions between the coast and the higher land bordering the rift-valley . Over the greater part of the country the soil is See also:

• LIGHT

light reddish See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam; in the eastern plains 'it is a heavy See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black loam . As a See also:

• RULE

rule it is easily cultivated . While the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the African tribes in the territory are not averse from agricultural labour, the number of men available for work on European holdings is small . Moreover, on some of the land most suited for cultivation by white men there is no native population . In addition to the fibre See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and cotton ginning there are factories for the curing of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

bacon . Native industries include the See also:

• WEAVING

weaving of See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and the making of mats and baskets . See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone and See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime quarries are worked, and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper is found in the Tsavo district . Diamonds have been discovered in the Thika river, one of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-streams of the Tana . Trade.—The imports consist largely of textiles, hardware and manufactured goods from India and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe; Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and India between them supplying over 50% of the See also:

• TOTAL

total imports . Of other countries See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany has the leading See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the trade . The exports, which include the larger part of the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external trade of Uganda, are chiefly copra, hides and skins, grains, potatoes, rubber, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, chillies, beeswax, cotton and fibre .

The See also:

• RETAIL

retail trade is largely in the hands of See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . The value of the exports See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose from £89,858 in 1900—1901 to £234,664 in 1904-1905, in which year the value of the imports for the first time exceeded £500,000 . In 1906-1907 the See also:

• VOLUME

volume of trade was £1,194,352, imports being valued at £753,647 and exports at £440,705 . The See also:

• UNITED

United States takes 33% of the exports, Great Britain coming next with 15% . Government.—The system of government resembles that of a British See also:

• CROWN

crown colony . At the head of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration is a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, who has a See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy styled See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor, provincial commissioners presiding over each province . There are also executive and legislative See also:

• COUNCILS

councils, unofficial nominated members serving on the last-named See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . In the " ten-mile See also:

• STRIP

strip " (see below, History), the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Zanzibar being territorial See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam apply to the native and Arab population . The extra-territorial See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction granted by the sultan to various See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers was in 1907 transferred to Great Britain . Domestic See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery formerly existed; but on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of the British government a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree was, issued by the sultan on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1890, enacting that no one See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born after that date could be a slave, and this was followed in 1907 by a decree abolishing the legal status of slavery . In the rest of the protectorate slavery is not recognized in any form . Legislation is by ordinances made by the governor, with the assent of the legislative council .

The judicial system is based on Indian See also:

• MODELS

models, though in cases in which Africans are concerned regard is had to nativeeustoms, Europeans have the right to trial by See also:

• JURY

jury in serious cases . ,There is a See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police force of about 2000 men, and two battalions of; the