See also:

• BROOCH, or BROACH (from the Fr. broths, originally an awl or bodkin; a spit is sometimes called a broach, and hence the phrase " to broach a barrel "; see BROKER)

BROOCH, or See also:

• BROACH (Fr. broche, a pointed instrument, Med. Lat. brocca, cf. the Latin adjective brochus or broccus, projecting, used of teeth)
• BROACH, or BHARUCH

BROACH (from the Fr. broths, originally an See also:

• AWL (0. Eng. ael; at one time spelt nawl by a confusion with the indefinite article before it)

awl or See also:

• BODKIN (Early Eng. boydekin, a dagger, a word of unknown origin, possibly connected with the Gaelic biodag, a short sword)

bodkin; a See also:

• SPIT

spit is sometimes called a broach, and hence the phrase " to broach a See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel "; see See also:

• BROKER (according to the New English Dictionary, from Lat. brocca, spit, spike, broccare, to broach "—another Eng. form of the same word; hence O. Fr. vendre d broche, to retail, e.g. wine, from the tap, and thus the general sense of dealing; see also for

BROKER)  , a See also:

• TERM

term now used to denote a clasp or fastener for the See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress, provided with a See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin, having a See also:

• HINGE (in Mid. Eng. henge or heeng, from hengen, to hang)

hinge or See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring at one end, and a catch or See also:

• LOOP

loop at the other . Brooches of the safety-pin type (fibulae) were extensively used in antiquity, but only within definite limits of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time and See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . They seem to have been unknown to the Egyptians, and to the See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental nations untouched by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In lands adjacent to See also:

• GREECE

Greece, they do not occur in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete or at Hissarlik . The place of origin cannot as yet be exactly determined, but it would seem to have been in central See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age, somewhat before r000 B.C . The earliest See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is little more than a pin, See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round for See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security, with the point caught against the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . One such actual pin has been found . In its next simplest form, very similar to that of the See also:

• MODERN

modern safety-pin (in which the coiled spring forces the point against the catch), it occurs in the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• MYCENAE

Mycenae, and in See also:

• LATE

late deposits of the Mycenaean Age, such as at Enkomi in See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus . It occur, also (though rarely) in the " terramare " deposits of the Po valley, in the Swiss See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake-dwellings of the later Bronze Age, in central See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and in Bosnia (fig . 1)•1 From the comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple initial form, the fibula See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in different lines of descent, into different shapes, varying according to the structural feature which was emphasized . On See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the number of See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations, the subject is extremely complex, but the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main lines of development were approximately as follows . Towards the end of the Bronze Age the safety-pin was arched into a See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, so as to include a greater amount of stuff in its See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass .

- In the older See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron Age or " See also:

• HALLSTATT

Hallstatt See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period " the bow and its accessories are thickened and modified in various directions, so as to give greater rigidity, and prominences or surfaces for decoration . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief types have been conveniently classed by The illustrations of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article are from Dr See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• PORTER
• PORTER, BENJAMIN CURTIS (1843– )
• PORTER, DAVID (1780-1843)
• PORTER, DAVID DIXON (1813-1891)
• PORTER, ENDYMION (1587–1649)
• PORTER, HENRY (ft. 1596-1599)
• PORTER, HORACE (1837– )
• PORTER, JANE (1776–1850)
• PORTER, MARY (d. 1765)
• PORTER, NOAH (1811–1892)

Porter's Reallexikon, by permission of W . Spemann, See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin and See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart . II 6+2 Montelius in four main See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, according to the characteristic 'forms: I . The See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire of the catch-See also:

• PLATE

plate is hammered into a See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat disk, on which the pin rests (fig . 2) . II . The bow is thickened towards the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, so as to assume the " See also:

• LEECH
• LEECH, JOHN (1817-1864)

leech " shape, or it is hollowed out underneath, into the " See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat " form . The catch-plate is only slightly turned up, but it becomes elongated, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order disk for catch-plate . III . The catch-plate is flattened out as in See also:

• GROUP

group I., but additional convolutions are added to the bow (fig . 4) .

IV . The bow is convoluted (but the convolutions are some-times represented by knobs); the catch-plate develops as in group II . (fig . 5) . For further examples of the four types, see Antiquities of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Iron Age in See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, p . 32 . Among the See also:

• SPECIAL

special variations of the early form, mention should be made of the fibulae of the geometric age of Greece, with an exaggerated development of the See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical portion of the catch-plate (fig . 6) . The example shown in fig . 7 is an ornate development of type II. above . In the later Iron Age (or early La Tene period) the prolongation of the catch-plate described in the second and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth groups above has a terminal knob See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament, which is reflexed upwards, at first slightly (fig . 8), and then to a marked extent, turning back towards the bow .

A far-reaching See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was at the same time brought about by a simple improvement in principle, apparently c introduced within the See also:

• AREA

area of the c, variation of " Boat " pin—the See also:

• BROOCH, or BROACH (from the Fr. broths, originally an awl or bodkin; a spit is sometimes called a broach, and hence the phrase " to broach a barrel "; see BROKER)

brooch became bilateral. fibula . The spring was coiled on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the bow, and thence the wire was taken to the other side of the axis, and again coiled in a corresponding manner before starting in a straight See also:

• LINE

line to form the pin . Once invented, the bilateral spring became almost universal, and its introduction serves to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the whole See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient fibulae into an older and a younger group . With the progress of the La Tene period (3o0-I B.C.) the reflection of the catch-plate terminal became yet more marked, until it became practically merged in the bow (fig . 9) . Mean- while, the bilateral spring described above was developing into two marked projections on each side of the axis . In order to give the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double spring strength and See also:

• PROTECTION

protection it was given a See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal core, and a containing See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube . When the core had been provided the pin was no longer necessarily a continuation of the bow, and it became in fact a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate member, as in a modern brooch of a non- safety-pin type, and was no longer actuated a yet more elaborately decorated semicircle, often surrounded by radial knobs and a chased See also:

• SURFACE

surface . The See also:

• BASE

base of the See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft is flattened out, and is no less ornate (fig . 13) . At the beginning of this period the fibula of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Childeric (A.D . 481) has singularly complicated pin-fastening .

So far we have traced the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the safety-pin form of catch-plate and convoluted bow. fibula . brooch . Concurrently with it, other forms of brooch were developed in which the safety-pin principle is either absent or effectually disguised . One such form is that of the circular medallion brooch . It is found in See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan deposits of a fully developed See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, and is commonly represented in Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman sculptures as a See also:

• STUD

stud to fasten the cloak on the See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder . In the Roman provinces the circular brooches are very numerous, and are frequently decorated with inlaid See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste or See also:

• ENAMEL (formerly " amel," derived through the Fr. amail, emmll, esmail, from a Latin word smaltum, first found in a 9th-century life of Leo IV.)

enamel . Another See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of brooch, also known from early times, is in the form of an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . In the early types the animal is a decorative appendage, but in later examples it forms the See also:

• BODY

body of the brooch, to which a pin like the modern brooch-pin is attached underneath . Both of these shapes, namely the medallion and the animal form, are found in Frankish cemeteries, together with the later variations of the '-shaped brooch described above . Such FIG . 8.—Early La brooches were made in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver or Tene period . Reflexed bronze, adorned with See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones, terminal ornament .

See also:

• FILIGREE (formerly written filigrann or filigrane; the Ital. filigrana, Fr. filigrane, Span. filigrana, Ger. Drahtgefiecht)

filigree See also:

• WORK

work, or enamel; but whatever the richness of the material, the pin was nearly always of iron . The Scandinavian or See also:

• NORTHERN

northern group of T-shaped brooches are in their early forms indistinguishable from those of the Frankish tombs, but as time went on they became more massive, and richly decorated with intricate devices (perhaps brought c FIG: 9, a-d.—Fibula ment of the a a b by its own spring . The T-shaped or " See also:

• CROSS

cross-bow " fibula was thus developed . During the first centuries of the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire it attained See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SIZE

size in by Irish missionary influence), into which animal forms were and importance (See also:

• FIGS

figs . 10-12) . The form is conveniently dated at introduced . The period covered is from the 5th to the 8th its highest development by its occurrence on the See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory See also:

• DIPTYCH (Gr. &sravxos, two-folding), (I) A

diptych centuries . of See also:

• STILICHO, FLAVIUS (?-4o8)

Stilicho at See also:

• MONZA (locally Monscia)

Monza (c . A.D . 400) . The T-form, the medallion-form, and (occasionally) the In the tombs of the Frankish and kindred See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic tribes animal forms occur in Anglo-Saxon See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent between the 5th and 9th centuries the crossbar of the T becomes the medallion-form predominates .

The Anglo-Saxon brooches reflexed d of the La Tene period, showing the develop-and the bilateral spring . terminal, were exquisite See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art, ingeniously and tastefully constructed . They are often of gold, with a central See also:

• BOSS

boss, exquisitely decorated, the flat See also:

• PART

part of the brooch being a See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

mosaic of turquoises, garnets on gold See also:

• FOIL

foil, See also:

• MOTHER

mother of See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl, &c. arranged in 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.D. work . 3rd century A.D . geometric patterns, and the gold work enriched with filigree or decorated with dragonesque engravings . The Scandinavian brooches of the See also:

• VIKING

Viking period (A.D . 800-1050) were See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval and See also:

• CONVEX

convex, somewhat in the form of a See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise . In their earliest form they occur in the form of a See also:

• FROG

frog-like animal, itself developed from the previous Teutonic T-shaped type . With the introduction of the intricate See also:

• SYSTEM

system of ornament described above, the frog-like animal is gradually superseded by purely decorative lines . The convex See also:

• BOWLS

bowls are then worked d jour with a perforated upper See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell of chased work over an under shell of impure bronze, gilt on the convex side . These See also:

• OUTER

outer cases are at last decorated with open See also:

• CROWN

crown-like ornament and massive projecting bosses . The See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical diribution of these See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar brooches indicates the extent of the conquests of the Northmen .

They occur in northern See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, England, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

Ice-See also:

• LAND

land, See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy and See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia . The See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic group is characterized by the penannular form of the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of the brooch and the greater length of the pin . The penannular ring, inserted through a hole at the head of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long pin, could be partially turned when the pin had been thrust through the material in such a way that the brooch became in effect a See also:

• BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS (1821–1862)

buckle . These brooches are usually of bronze or silver, chased or engraved with intricate designs of interlaced or dragonesque work in the style of the illuminated Celtic See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of the 7th, 8th and 9th centuries . The Hunterston brooch, which was found at Hawking See also:

• CRAIG, JOHN (1512 ?-1600)
• CRAIG, SIR THOMAS (c. 1538–1608)

Craig in See also:

• AYRSHIRE

Ayrshire, is a well-known example of this style . Silver brooches of immense size, some having pins 15 in. in length, and the penannular ring of the brooch terminating in large knobs resembling See also:

• THISTLE

thistle heads, are occasionally found in Viking hoards of this period, consisting of See also:

• BULLION

bullion, brooches and Cufic and Anglo-Saxon coins buried on Scottish See also:

• SOIL

soil . In See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times the form of the brooch was usually a simple, flat circular disk, with open centre, the pin being equal in length to the See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter of the brooch . They were often inscribed with religious and talismanic formulae . The Highland brooches were commonly of this form, but the disk was broader, and the central opening smaller in proportion to the size of the brooch . They were ornamented in the style so See also:

• COMMON

common on Highland See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder-horns, with engraved patterns of interlacing work and foliage, arranged in geometrical spaces, and sometimes mingled with figures of animals . (A . H .