BROOK
-See also:FARM, the name applied to a See also:tract of See also:land in See also:West See also:Roxbury, See also:Massachusetts, on which in 1841–1847 a communistic experiment was unsuccessfully tried
.
The experiment was one of the See also:practical , manifestations of the spirit of " Trans« cendentalism," in New See also:England, though many df the more prominent transcendentalists took no See also:direct See also:part in it
.
The project was originated by See also:George See also:Ripley, who also virtually directed it throughout
.
In his words it was intended " to insure a more natural See also:union between 'intellectual and See also:manual labour than now exists; to combine the thinker and the worker, as far as possible, in the same individual; to See also:guarantee the highest See also:mental freedom by providing all with labour adapted to their tastes and talents, and securing to them the fruits of their See also:industry; to do away with the See also:necessity of See also:menial services by opening the benefits of See also:education and the profits of labour to all; and thus to prepare a society of liberal, intelligent and cultivated persons whose relations with each other *would permit a more See also:simple and wholesome See also:life than can be led amidst the pressure of our competitive institutions." In See also:short, its aim was to bring about the best conditions for an ideal' See also:civilization, reducing to a minimum the labour necessary for See also:mere existence, and by this and by the simplicity of its social machinery saving the 'maximum of See also:- TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
- TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
- TIME, STANDARD
time for mental and spiritual education and development
.
At a time when See also:Ralph See also:Waldo See also:Emerson could write to See also:- THOMAS
- THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
- THOMAS (d. 110o)
- THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
- THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
- THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
- THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
- THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
- THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
- THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
- THOMAS, ST
- THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
- THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)
Thomas See also:Carlyle, " We are all a little See also:wild here with numberless projects of social reform; not a See also:reading See also:man but has a draft of a new community in his waistcoat See also:pocket,"—the Brook Farm project certainly did not appear as impossible a See also:- SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)
scheme as many others that were in the See also:air
.
At all events it enlisted the co-operation of men whose subsequent careers shove them to have been something more than visionaries
.
The association bought a tract of land about s0 m. from See also:Boston, and' in the summer of 1841 began its enterprise with about twenty members
.
In See also:September the " Brook Farm See also:Institute of- Agri ' culture and Education " was formally organized, the members
See also:signing the Articles of Association and forming an unincorporated See also:joint-stock See also:company
.
The farm was assiduously, if not very skilfully, cultivated, and other See also:industries were established—most of the members paying by labour for their See also:board—but nearly all of the income, and sometimes all of it, was derived from the school, which deservedly took high See also:rank and attracted many pupils
.
Among these were included George See also:- WILLIAM
- WILLIAM (1143-1214)
- WILLIAM (1227-1256)
- WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
- WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
- WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
- WILLIAM, 13TH
William See also:Curtis and his See also:brother See also:- JAMES
- JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
- JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
- JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
- JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
- JAMES, EPISTLE OF
- JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
- JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
- JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
- JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
- JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)
James Burrill Curtis, See also:Father See also:Isaac Thomas See also:Hecker (1819-1888), See also:General See also:Francis C
.
See also:Barlow (1834-1896), who as See also:attorney-general of New See also:York in 1871-1873 took a leading part in the See also:prosecution of the " See also:Tweed See also:Ring." For three years the undertaking went on quietly and simply, subject to few outward troubles other than See also:financial, the number of associates increasing to seventy or eighty
.
It was during this See also:period that Nathaniel See also:Hawthorne had his short experience of Brook Farm, of which so many suggestions appear in the Blithe-See also:dale See also:Romance, though his See also:preface to later See also:editions effectually disposed of the See also:idea—which gave him See also:great See also:pain—that he had either See also:drawn his characters from persons there, or had meant to give any actual description of the See also:colony
.
Emerson refused, in a See also:kind and characteristic See also:letter, to join the undertaking, and though he afterwards wrote of Brook Farm with not uncharitable See also:humour as " a perpetual See also:picnic, a See also:French Revolution in small, an See also:age of See also:reason in a patty-See also:pan," among its founders were many of his near See also:friends
.
In 1844 the growing need of a more scientific organization, and the See also:influence which F
.
M
.
C
.
See also:Fourier's doctrines, as modified by See also:Albert See also:Brisbane (1809-1890), had gained in the minds of Ripley and many of his associates, combined to See also:change the whole See also:plan of the community
.
It was transformed, with the strong approval of all its See also:chief members and the consent of the See also:rest, into a Fourierist "See also:phalanx" in 1845
.
There was an See also:accession of new members, a momentary increase of prosperity, a brilliant new undertaking in the publication of a weekly See also:journal, the See also:Harbinger, in which Ripley, See also:Charles A
.
See also:Dana, Francis G
.
See also:Shaw and See also:John S
.
See also:Dwight were the chief writers, and to which James See also:- RUSSELL (FAMILY)
- RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
- RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
- RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
- RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
- RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
- RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
- RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
- RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
- RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )
Russell See also:Lowell, J
.
G
.
See also:Whittier, George William Curtis, Parke See also:Godwin, T
.
W
.
See also:Higginson, See also:Horace See also:Greeley and many more now and then contributed
.
But the individuality of the old Brook Farm was gone
.
The association was not rescued even from financial troubles by the change
.
With increasing difficulty it kept on till the See also:spring of 1846, when a See also:fire which destroyed its nearly completed " phalanstery " brought losses which caused, or certainly gave the final ostensible reason for, its See also:dissolution
.
The experiment was abandoned in the autumn of 1847
.
Besides Ripley and Hawthorne, the See also:principal members of the community were Charles A
.
Dana, John
.
S
.
Dwight, See also:Minot See also:Pratt (c
.
1805-1878), the See also:head See also:farmer, who, like George See also:Partridge See also:Bradford (1808-1890), See also:left in 1845, and See also:Warren See also:Burton (1810-1866) a preacher and, later, a writer on educational subjects
.
Indirectly connected with the experiment, also, as visitors for longer or shorter periods but never as See also:regular members, were Emerson, See also:Amos Bronson See also:Alcott, See also:Orestes A
.
See also:Brownson, See also:Theodore See also:Parker and William See also:- HENRY
- HENRY (1129-1195)
- HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
- HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
- HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
- HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
- HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
- HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
- HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
- HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
- HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
- HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
- HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
- HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)
Henry See also:Channing, See also:Margaret See also:Fuller and See also:Elizabeth See also:Palmer See also:Peabody
.
The See also:estate itself, after passing through various hands, came in 1870 into the See also:possession of the " Association of the Evangelical Lutheran See also:- CHURCH
- CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
- CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
- CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
- CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
- CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)
Church for See also:Works of See also:Mercy," which established here an See also:orphan-age, known as the " See also:- MARTIN (Martinus)
- MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
- MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
- MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
- MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
- MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
- MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
- MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
- MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
- MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
- MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)
Martin See also:Luther Orphan See also:Home."
The best See also:account of Brook Farm is See also:Lindsay See also:Swift's Brook Farm, Its Members, Scholars and Visitors (New York, 1900)
.
Brook Farm: Historic and See also:Personal See also:Memoirs (Boston, 1894), is by Dr J
.
T
.
Codman, one of the pupils in the school
.
See also See also:Morris Hillquit`s See also:History of See also:Socialism in the See also:United States (New York, 1903)
.
(E
.
L
.
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