See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• SIR JAMES BROOKE (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

BROOKE (1803-1868)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English soldier, traveller and See also:

• RAJA

raja of See also:

• SARAWAK

Sarawak, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Coombe See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove near See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath, on the 29th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1803 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, a member of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil service of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India See also:

• COMPANY

Company, had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long lived in See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a woman of See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior mind, and to her care he owed his careful See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early training . He received the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary school See also:

• EDUCATION

education, entered the service of the East India Company, and was sent out to India about 1825 . On the outbreak of the Burmese See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War he was despatched with his See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment to the valley of the See also:

• BRAHMAPUTRA

Brahmaputra; and, being dangerously wounded in an engagement near Rungpore,was compelled to return See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home (1826) . After his recovery he travelled on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent before going to India, and circumstances led him soon after to leave the service of the company . In 183o he made a voyage to See also:

• CHINA

China, and during his passage among the islands of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in natural beauty, magnificence and fertility, but occupied by a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage tribes, continually at war with each other, and carrying on a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of piracy on a vast See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale and with relentless ferocity, he conceived the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of rescuing them from barbarism and bringing them within the See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . His purpose was confirmed by observations made during a second visit to China, and on his return to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England he applied him-self in See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest to making the necessary preparations . Having succeeded on the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father to a large See also:

• PROPERTY

property, he bought and equipped a yacht, the " Royalist," of 140 tons See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, and for three years tested its capacities and trained his See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew of twenty men, chiefly in the Mediterranean . At length, on the 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1838, he sailed from the See also:

• THAMES

Thames on his great See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure . On reaching See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo, after various delays, he found the raja Muda Hassim, See also:

• UNCLE

uncle of the reigning See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan, engaged in war in the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Sarawak with several of the Dyak tribes, who had revolted against the sultan . He offered his aid to the raja; and with his crew, and some Javanese who had joined them, he took See also:

• PART

part in a See also:

• BATTLE

battle with the insurgents, and they were defeated .

For his services the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of raja of Sarawak was conferred on him by Muda Iiassim, the former raja being deprived in his favour . It was, however, some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time before the sultan could be induced to confirm his title (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1841) . During the next five years Raja See also:

• BROOKE, FRANCES (1724-1789)
• BROOKE, FULKE OREVILLE, 1ST BARON (1554-1628)
• BROOKE, HENRY (c. 1703-1783)
• BROOKE, SIR JAMES (1803-1868)
• BROOKE, STOPFORD AUGUSTUS (1832– )

Brooke was engaged in establishing his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, in making just reforms in See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, preparing a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of See also:

• LAWS

laws and introducing just and humane modes of dealing with the degraded subjects of his See also:

• RULE

rule . But,this was not all . He looked forward to the development of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce as the most effective means of putting an end to the worst evils that afflicted the archipelago; and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to make this possible, the way must first be cleared by the suppression, or a considerable diminution, of the prevailing piracy, which was not only a curse to the savage tribes engaged in it, but a See also:

• STANDING

standing danger to See also:

• EUROPEAN

European and See also:

• AMERICAN

American traders in those seas . Various expeditions were therefore organized and sent out against the marauders, See also:

• DYAKS, or DAYAKS

Dyaks and See also:

• MALAYS

Malays, and sometimes even See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain (after-wards See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral See also:

• SIR

Sir Harry) See also:

• KEPPEL, AUGUSTUS KEPPEL, VISCOUNT (1725-1786)
• KEPPEL, SIR HENRY (1809-1904)

Keppel, and other commanders of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SHIPS

ships of war, received permission to co-operate with Raja Brooke in these expeditions . The pirates were attacked in their strongholds, they fought desperately, and the slaughter was immense . Negotiations with the chiefs had been tried, and tried in vain . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the sultan of Borneo was bombarded and stormed, and the sultan with his See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army routed . He was, however, soon after restored to his dominion . So large was the number of natives, pirates and others, slain in these expeditions, that the " See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• MONEY

money " awarded by the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to those who had taken part in them amounted to no less than £20,000 .

In October 1847 Raja Brooke returned to England, where he was well received by the government; and the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of See also:

• LONDON

London conferred on him the freedom of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• LABUAN (a corruption of the Malay word labuh-an, signifying an " anchorage ")

Labuan, with its dependencies, having been acquired by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase from the sultan of Borneo, was erected into a British See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, and Raja Brooke was appointed See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief . He was also named See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general in Borneo . These appointments had been made before his arrival in England . The university of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford conferred on him the honorary degree of D.C.L., and in 1848 he was created K.C.B . He soon after returned to Sarawak, and was carried thither by a British See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-of-war . In the summer of 1849 he led an expedition against the Seribas and Sakuran Dyaks, who still persisted in their piratical practices and refused to submit to British authority . Their defeat and wholesale slaughter was a See also:

• MATTER

matter of course . At the time of this engagement Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Brooke was lying See also:

• ILL

ill with See also:

• DYSENTERY (from the Gr. prefix Ova-, in the sense of " bad," and Evmpov, the intestine)

dysentery . He visited twice the capital of the sultan of See also:

• SALA, GEORGE AUGUSTUS HENRY (1828-1895)

Sala, and concluded a treaty with him, which had for one of its See also:

• OBJECTS

objects the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-gypsies and other tribes from his dominions . In 1851 See also:

• GRAVE

grave charges with respect to the operations in Borneo were brought against Sir James Brooke in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume and other members, especially as to the " head-money " received . To meet these accusations, and to vindicate his proceedings, he came to England .

The See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence adduced was so conflicting that the matter was at length referred to a royal See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, to sit at See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

Singapore . As the result of its investigation the charges were declared to be " not proven." Sir James, however, was soon after deprived of the governorship of Labuan, and the head-money was abolished . In 1867 his house in Sarawak was attacked and burnt by See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese pirates, and he had to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly from the capital, Kuching . With a small force he attacked the Chinese, recovered the See also:

• TOWN

town, made a great slaughter. of them, and drove away the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year he came to England, and remained there for three years . During this time he was attacked by See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis, a public subscription was raised, and an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire was bought and presented to him . He made two more visits to Sarawak, and on each occasion had a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion to suppress . He spent his last days on his estate at Burrator in Devonshire, and died there, on the 11th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1868, being succeeded as raja of Sarawak by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew . Sir James Brooke was a man of the highest See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and he displayed rare courage both in his conflicts in the East and under the charges advanced against him in England . His Private Letters (1838 to 1853) were published in 1853 . Portions of his See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal were edited by Captains See also:

• MUNDAY (or MONDAY), ANTHONY (c. 1553-1633)

Munday and Keppel .