BARON DE

See also:

• CAMUS, ARMAND GASTON (1740-1804)
• CAMUS, CHARLES ETIENNE LOUIS (1699-1768)
• CAMUS, FRANCOIS JOSEPH DES (1672-1732)

CAMUS AND MOUNTANY

See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT VON

See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES

See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY COUNT VON MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES BROWNE (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

BROWNE (1705-1757)  , Austrian field marshal, was born at Basel on the 23rd of 'October 1705 . His father (Ulysses Freiherr v . Browne, d . 1731) was an Irish exile of 169o, who entered the imperial service and in 1716 was made a count of Pickwick was in danger from the want of a capable interpreter for the illustrations . Dickens knew Browne slightly as the illustrator of his little pamphlet Sunday under Three Heads, and probably this slight knowledge of his work stood the draughts-man in good stead . In the original edition of Pickwick, issued in shilling monthly parts from early in 1836 until the end of 1837, the first seven plates were drawn by Robert Seymour, a clever illustrator who committed suicide in April 1836 . The next two plates were by R . W . Buss, an otherwise successful portrait-painter and lecturer, but they were so poor that a change was imperative . Browne and W . M . Thackeray called independently at the publishers' office with specimens of their powers for Dickens's inspection .

The novelist preferred Browne . Browne's first two etched plates for Pickwick were signed " Nemo," but the third was signed "Phiz," a

pseudonym which was retained in future . When asked to explain why he chose this name he answered that the change from " Nemo " to "Phiz " was made " to harmonize better with Dickens's Boz." Possibly Browne adopted it to conceal his identity, hoping one day to become famous as a painter . It is to be noted, however, that " Phiz " is usually attached to his better work and H . K . B. to his less successful drawings . " Phiz " undoubtedly created Sam Weiler, so far as his well-known figure is concerned, as Seymour had created Pickwick . Dickens and " Phiz " were personally good friends in early days, and in 1838 travelled together to Yorkshire to see the schools of which Nicholas Nickleby became the hero; afterwards they made several journeys of this nature in company to facilitate the illustrator's work . The other Dickens characters which " Phiz " realized most successfully are perhaps Squeers, Micawber, Guppy, Major Bagstock, Mrs Gamp, Tom Pinch and, above all, David Copper-field . Of the books by Dickens which " Phiz " illustrated the best are David Copperfield, Pickwick, Dombey and Son, Martin Chuzzlewit and Bleak House . Browne made several drawings for Punch in early days and also towards the end of his life; his ,chief work in this direction being the clever design for the wrapper which was used for eighteen months from January 1842 . He also contributed to Punch's Pocket Books .

In addition to his work for Dickens, " Phiz " illustrated over twenty of

Lever's novels (the most successful being Harry Lorrequer, Charles O'Malley, Jack Hinton and the Knight of Gwynne) . He also illustrated Harrison Ainsworth's and Frank Smedley's novels . Mervyn Clitheroe by Ainsworth is one of the most admirable of the artist's works . Browne was in continual employment by publishers until 1867, when he had a stroke of paralysis . Although he recovered slightly and made many illustrations on wood, they were by comparison inferior productions which the draughtsman's admirers would willingly ignore . In 1878 he was awarded an annuity by the Royal Academy . He gradually became worse in health, until he died on the 8th of July 1882 . Most of Browne's work was etched on steel plates because these yielded a far larger edition than copper . Browne was annoyed at some of his etchings being transferred to stone by the publishers and printed as lithographic reproductions . Partly with the view to prevent this treatment of his work 11e employed a machine to rule a series of lines over the plate in order to obtain what appeared to be a tint; when manipulated with acid this tint gave an effect somewhat resembling mezzotint, which at that time it was found practically impossible to transfer to stone . The illustrations executed by Browne are particularly noteworthy because they realized exactly what the reader most desired to see represented . So skilful was he in drawing and composition that no part of the story was avoided by reason of the elaborateness of the subject .

Whatever was the best incident for

illustration was always the one selected . See D . Croat Thomson, Hablo"t Knight Browne, " Phiz": Life and Letters (London, 1884) ; John Forster, Life of Charles Dickens (London, 1871—1874) ; F . G . Kitton, " Phiz ": A Memoir (London, 1882) ; Charles Dickens and his Illustrators (London, 1899) ; M . H . Spielmann, The History of Punch (London, 1895) . (D . C .