See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge or See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium . Pop . (1904) 53,728 . The See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city contains some of the finest monuments of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the Flemish communes, while its See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance is better preserved, as a whole, than in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of any other Belgian city . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of St Sauveur and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame, both specimens of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Pointed See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic, date from the 13th and 14th centuries . Both are full of See also:

• INTEREST

interest, but the cathedral was much injured by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1839 . The interior, however, is finely proportioned and exhibits beautiful See also:

• MODERN

modern polychrome decorations, numerous pictures and interesting monumental See also:

• BRASSES, MONUMENTAL

brasses . The church of Notre-Dame contains a See also:

• FINE

fine De See also:

• CRAYER, GASPARD DE (1582-1669)

Crayer (The See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

Adoration of the Magi), See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo's See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble See also:

• GROUP

group of the Virgin and See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

Child, and the fine monuments with gilded See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper See also:

• EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL

effigies of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bold and his daughter, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy . The See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital of St See also:

• JEAN

Jean, where the sick have been cared for since the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, contains the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• WORKS

works of Memling, including the famous reliquary of St See also:

• URSULA, ST

Ursula . The See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall was built in 1561–1566 on the site of an older See also:

• BUILDING

building, some portions of which were utilized in its successor . The See also:

• BELFRY (Mid. Eng. berfrey, through Med. Lat. berefredus, from Teut. bergfrid or bercvrit, which, according to the New Eng. Dict., is a combination of bergen, to protect, and frida, safety or peace; the word thus meaning a shelter; the change from r to 1,—

belfry which rises in the centre of the See also:

• FACADE

facade See also:

• DATES

dates from the end of the 13th century; it has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been famous for its See also:

• CHIME

chime of bells, but the civic fathers have caused modern airs to be substituted for the old hymn . The hotel de ville, the Chapelle du See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Sang and the church of St Jacques are all of interest .

The first is Gothic and was begun about 1376 . The second is a See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of two storeys, the See also:

• LOWER

lower dating from 115o, while the upper was rebuilt in the 15th century, and there is a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich Flamboyant entrance with a stairway (1533) . St Jacques' church is a See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the 13th century, but has extensive additions of the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 15th and 17th centuries . The Palais de See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice, of the 18th century, on the site of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of the See also:

• FRANC

Franc—the outside burghers of the Franc See also:

• DISTRICT

district admitted to the full privileges of citizenship—contains a fine carved See also:

• CHIMNEY (through the Fr. cheminee, from caminata, sc. camera, a Lat. derivative of caminus, an oven or furnace)

chimney-piece (1530) . The house is supposed to have formed See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Flanders . There are numerous other buildings of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor antiquarian interest; the fine museum contains a representative See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of early Flemish paintings; and of the old fortifications three See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates remain . The This date is given in See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

Grove (new ed.), but the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the See also:

• WORK

work is far earlier than that of the 7th See also:

• SYMPHONY

symphony (1884) which quotes it in the slow See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . manufacture of See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace now gives employment to at least 6000 persons in the See also:

• TOWN

town, and See also:

• HORTICULTURE
• HORTICULTURE (Lat. hortus, a garden)

horticulture is carried on extensively in the suburbs . Commercial activity has been assisted by the new See also:

• SHIP

ship-See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal to Zeebrugge, and by See also:

• DIRECT

direct steamship service from See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull to See also:

• BRUGES (Flemish Brugge, a name signifying the bridge or place of bridges)

Bruges . The steady growth of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of increased prosperity . In 188o the population was only 44,500, but it had risen in 1900 to 51,657 and in 1904 it was 53,728 . Bruges is said to have been a city in the 7th century, and the name Flanders was originally applied to it and not to the district .

See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin II., See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count of Flanders, who married Elstrud, daughter of See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred the Great, first fortified it, and made it his chief residence . Before the See also:

• YEAR

year 118o Bruges was the recognized capital of Flanders, and the formality of proclaiming the new counts was always performed on the See also:

• MARCHE
• MARCHE, or LA MARCHE

marche du vendredi, where the railway station is to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . After 118o the premier position was assumed by See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, but until See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea was stopped by the silting up of the Zwyn, which was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete by the year 1490, Bruges was the equal in See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of its See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour . See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

Proof of this is supplied by the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage festivities in 1430, when See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Burgundy, wedded See also:

• ISABEL

Isabel of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, and founded the famous See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Fleece out of compliment to the See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Bruges . Bruges was at the height of its prosperity in the 14th century, when it was the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern counterpart of See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice and its See also:

• BOURSE (from the Med. Lat. bursa, a purse)

Bourse regulated the See also:

• RATE

rate of ex-See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . (D . C .