ISAMBARD See also:

• KINGDOM

KINGDOM See also:

• ISAMBARD KINGDOM BRUNEL (1806-1859)
• BRUNEL, SIR MARC ISAMBARD (1769-1849)

BRUNEL (1806-1859)  , rnglish engineer, only son of See also:

• SIR

Sir M . I . See also:

• BRUNEL, ISAMBARD KINGDOM (1806-1859)
• BRUNEL, SIR MARC ISAMBARD (1769-1849)

Brunel, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth on the 9th of See also:

• APRIL

April 18o6 . He displayed in childhood singular See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• MENTAL

mental calculation, See also:

• GREAT

great skill and rapidity as a draughtsman, and a true feeling for See also:

• ART

art . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen he was sent to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, to study at the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College See also:

• HENRI

Henri Quatre . In 1823 he entered his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as assistant-engineer, just at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when the project of the See also:

• THAMES

Thames See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

Tunnel was beginning to take shape; and during the later portion of the time, from 1825, when the See also:

• WORK

work was begun, till 1828, when it was stopped by an irruption of the See also:

• RIVER

river, he was both nominal and actual See also:

• RESIDENT

resident engineer . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1829 he sent in designs and plans for the projected suspension See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the See also:

• AVON

Avon at See also:

• CLIFTON

Clifton, but in consequence of objections raised by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• TELFORD, THOMAS (1757—.1834)

Telford, the See also:

• REFEREE

referee of the bridge See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee, his plans were rejected . But a new See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design which he sent in on a second competition in 1831 was accepted, and he was appointed engineer . The See also:

• WORKS

works were begun in 1836, but owing to lack of funds were not completed until 1864, after Brunel's See also:

• DEATH

death; his design, however, was closely adhered to, and the chains employed came from the old See also:

• HUNGERFORD
• HUNGERFORD, WALTER HUNGERFORD, BARON (d. 1449)

Hungerford suspension bridge (See also:

• LONDON

London), which he had built in 1841-1845, but which was displaced in 1862 by the Charing See also:

• CROSS

Cross railway bridge . In See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1833 Brunel, at the age of twenty-seven, was appointed engineer of the newly-projected Great Western railway . For several years his energies were taxed to the utmost by the conflict with obstructive landowners and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-sighted critics; but he showed himself equal to the occasion, not only as a professional See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, but as a persuasive negotiator . Among the See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering triumphs on that railway are the See also:

• HANWELL

Hanwell viaduct, the See also:

• MAIDENHEAD

Maidenhead bridge and the See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

Box tunnel, at the time the longest in the See also:

• WORLD

world .

The famous " See also:

• BATTLE

battle of-the gauges " took its rise from his introduction of the broad (7 ft.)*See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge on that See also:

• LINE

line . In 1846 he resigned his office as engineer of the Great Western railway . In 1844 he had recommended the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the atmospheric See also:

• SYSTEM

system on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• DEVON, EARLS OF

Devon railway, but after a See also:

• YEAR

year's trial the system was abandoned . The last and greatest of Brunel's railway works was the Royal See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert bridge over the river Tamar at See also:

• SALTASH

Saltash . This work, sanctioned by See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament in 1845, was constructed between 1853 and 1859 . In addition to the arduous labours of railway engineering Brunel took a leading See also:

• PART

part in the systematic development of ocean See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . As See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1835 he had suggested to the See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors of the Great Western railway, that they should " make it longer, and have a steamboat to go from See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol to New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, and See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it the ` Great Western.' " The project was taken up, and the " Great Western " steamship was designed by Brunel, and built at Bristol under his superintendence . It was much longer than any steamer of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and was the first steamship built to make See also:

• REGULAR

regular voyages across the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic . While the See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel was See also:

• BUILDING

building a controversy was raised about the practicability of Brunel's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, Dr D . See also:

• LARDNER, DIONYSIUS (1793-1859)
• LARDNER, NATHANIEL (1684-1768)

Lardner asserting dogmatically that the voyage could not be made, and backing his assertion with an See also:

• ARRAY (from the O. Fr. areyer, Med. Lat. arredare, to get ready)

array of figures . His view was widely accepted, but the work went on, and the voyage was accomplished in 1838 . Brunel at once undertook a still larger design in the " Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain," which was the first large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron steamship, the largest See also:

• SHIP

ship afloat at that time, and the first large ship in which the See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw-propeller was used .

She made her first voyage from See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool to New York in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August and See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1845; but in the following year was carelessly runupon the rocks in Dundrum See also:

• BAY

Bay on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . After lying there nearly a year without material damage she was got off and was employed in the Australian See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . Brunel soon after began to meditate a still vaster project, the construction of a vessel large enough to carry all the See also:

• COAL

coal required for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long voyage out, and if coal could not be had at the out See also:

• PORT

port, then to carry enough also for the return voyage . It seemed to h'm, further, that a great increase of See also:

• SIZE

size would give many advantages for navigation . During his connexion as engineer with the Australian See also:

• MAIL

Mail See also:

• COMPANY

Company he worked out into a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical shape his conception of a " great ship "; and in 1852 his scheme was laid before the directors of the Eastern Steam Navigation Company . It was adopted, the projector being appointed engineer, and after much time occupied about contracts and specifications the work was begun in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1853 . Immense difficulties in the progress of construction caused delays from time to time . The operation of launching was several times attempted in vain; but at length the gigantic vessel, the " Great Eastern," was got afloat on the 31st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1858 . Much remained to be done to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the ship; and her engineer, overworked and worn out with worry, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down and did not sec her begin her first voyage on the 7th of September 1859 . On the 5th he was brought See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home from the ship suffering from a paralytic stroke, and on the 15th he died at his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster . In addition to the great works already described, Brunel was employed in the construction of many docks and piers, as at Monkwearmouth, Bristol, See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth, Briton See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry, See also:

• BRENTFORD

Brentford and See also:

• MILFORD

Milford Haven . He was a zealous See also:

• PROMOTER

promoter of the Great See also:

• EXHIBITION

Exhibition of 1851, and was a member of the committee on the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of machinery and of the building committee .

He paid much See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the improvement of large guns, and designed a floating See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage for the attack on See also:

• KRONSTADT

Kronstadt in the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (1854); he also designed and superintended the construe tion of the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital buildings at Erenkeni on the See also:

• DARDANELLES (Turk. Bahr-Sefed Boghazi)
• DARDANELLES (Turk. Sultanieh Kalehsi, or Chanak Kalehsi)

Dardanelles (1855) . He was elected a See also:

• FELLOW

fellow of the Royal Society in 1830, and in 1858 declined the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Institution of See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers through See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health . He received the degree of D.C.L. from See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford in 1857 . In his work he was singularly See also:

• FREE

free from professional See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy, and was always ready to commend and help others, though, himself a man of remarkable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, he demanded a high See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of faithful service from his subordinates . See The See also:

• LIFE

Life of I.K.Brunel,C.E . (187o) , by his son, Isambard Brunel .