See also:

• SIR

SIR MARC ISAMBARD See also:

• BRUNEL, ISAMBARD KINGDOM (1806-1859)
• SIR MARC ISAMBARD BRUNEL (1769-1849)

BRUNEL (1769-1849)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British inventor and engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Hacqueville in See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy on the 25th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1769 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, a small landowner and See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, intended him for the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, but his See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and See also:

• MECHANICS

mechanics inclined him to another career, and he obtained a nomination for the See also:

• NAVY

navy, in which he served for six years . When his See also:

• SHIP

ship was paid off in 1792 and he returned to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, he found the Revolution at its height, and owing to his pronounced royalist opinions he was obliged to leave the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Reaching New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1793 he began to practise as an architect and See also:

• CIVIL

civil engineer . His first employment was in See also:

• LAND

land-See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying and See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal-See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering . Later he submitted a highly ornamental See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design for the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Capitol at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, which, however, was not accepted, and was engaged to design and superintend the construction of the Bowery See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, New York, burnt down in 1821 . He fitted novel and ingenious machinery in the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal and See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

cannon factory which he was commissioned to erect in New York, and he was asked to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply plans for the defences of the Narrows between the upper and See also:

• LOWER

lower bays of that See also:

• PORT

port . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1799 he sailed for See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to submit to the British See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government his plans for the See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• SHIPS

ships' blocks, in substitution for the See also:

• MANUAL

manual processes then employed . After the usual difficulties and delays his proposals were adopted, largely through the recommendation of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• BENTHAM, GEORGE (1800-1884)
• BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832)

Bentham, and about 1803 the erection of his See also:

• MACHINES

machines was begun at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth dockyard . They were constructed by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Maudslay, and formed one of the earliest examples of a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete range of See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine tools, each performing its See also:

• PART

part in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of operations . Not only was the quality of the product much improved but the cost was greatly diminished, and the saving effected in the first See also:

• YEAR

year in which the machines were in full See also:

• WORK

work was estimated at £24,000, of which about two-thirds was awarded to See also:

• BRUNEL, ISAMBARD KINGDOM (1806-1859)
• BRUNEL, SIR MARC ISAMBARD (1769-1849)

Brunel . A little later he was occupied in devising improved machines for sawing and bending See also:

• TIMBER

timber, and in 18r1 and 1812 he was employed by the government in erecting saw-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills at See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich and See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham, carrying out at the latter dockyard a complete reorganization of the See also:

• SYSTEM

system for handling timber .

About 1812 he devised machinery for making boots which was adopted for the purposes of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, but abandoned a few years later when, owing to the cessation of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, the demand became less and the supply of manual labour cheaper . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he interested himself in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation on the See also:

• THAMES

Thames between See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• RAMSGATE

Ramsgate . In 1814 he succeeded in persuading the See also:

• ADMIRALTY, HIGH COURT OF

admiralty to try steam-tugs for towing warships out to See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . The experiments were made at his own expense, for a few months after undertaking to contribute to the cost the admiralty revoked its promise on the ground that the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was " too chimerical to be seriously entertained." Another vain enter-prise on which he wasted much time and See also:

• MONEY

money was an attempt to use liquefied gases as a source of See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . His See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• STOCKING (a diminutive of " stock," post, stump, properly that which is stuck or fixed)

stocking-See also:

• FRAME

frame or tricoteur was patented in 1816, and among his other inventions were machines for winding See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton-See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread into balls, for copying drawings, for making small wooden boxes such as are used by druggists, and for the manufacture of nails, together with processes of preparing tinfoil for decorative purposes and improvements in stereotype plates for See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . In 1821, partly as the result of the damage done by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1814 to the saw-mills he owned at See also:

• BATTERSEA

Battersea, and partly because his commercial abilities were far from equal to his mechanical See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, he got into See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial difficulties and was thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison for See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, only regaining his freedom through a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of £5000 which his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends obtained for him from the government . Subsequently his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was mainly devoted to projects of civil engineering, the most noteworthy being the Thames See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

Tunnel . In 182o he had prepared plans of See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges for erection in See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen and St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg and in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon . In 1823 he designed See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing-bridges, and in 1826 floating landing-stages, for the port of See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool . A See also:

• COMPANY

company, which was supported by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington, was formed in 1824 to carry out his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for See also:

• BORING

boring a tunnel under the Thames between Wapping and Rotherhithe . The work was begun at the beginning of 1825, the excavation being accomplished by the aid of a "See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield," which he had patented in 1818 . Many difficulties were en-countered .

The See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke through the roof of the tunnel in 1827, and after a second irruption in 1828 work was discontinued for lack of funds . Seven years later it was resumed with the aid of money advanced by the government, and after three more irruptions the tunnel was completed and opened in 1843 . Aided by his son, Brunel displayed extraordinary skill and resource in the various emergencies with which he had to See also:

• DEAL

deal, but the anxiety broke down his See also:

• HEALTH

health . He recovered sufficiently from one paralytic stroke to attend the opening ceremony, but he was able to undertake little more professional work . A second stroke followed in 1845, and four years later he died in London on the 12th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1849 . He received the order of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour in 1829 and was knighted in 1841 . See See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Beamish, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (1862) .