See also:

• GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

GIORDANO See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• GIORDANO BRUNO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

BRUNO (c. 1548-1600)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian philosopher of the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born near See also:

• NOLA

Nola in the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Cicala . Little is known of his See also:

• LIFE

life . He was christened Filippo, and took the name See also:

• GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano only on entering a religious See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . In his fifteenth See also:

• YEAR

year he entered the order of the See also:

• DOMINICANS

Dominicans at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, and is said to have composed a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the See also:

• ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose)„ a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the' A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (1)

ark of See also:

• NOAH (ni, rest; Septuagint, New Testament, Philo, Josephus, Na*, N&i os, Nweos: Vulg. Noe)

Noah . Why he submitted to a discipline palpably unsuited to his fiery spirit we cannot tell . In consequence of his views on See also:

• TRANSUBSTANTIATION

transubstantiation and the immaculate conception he was accused of impiety, and after enduring persecution for some years, he fled from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome about 1576, and wandered through various cities, reaching See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva in 1579 . The See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of Calvinism was no resting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place for him (T . See also:

• DUFOUR, WILHELM HEINRICH [GUILLAUME HENRI] (1787–1875)

Dufour, Giordano See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

Bruno a Geneve, Geneva, 1884), and he travelled on through See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse and See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier, arriving at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1581 . Everywhere he See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent his energies to the exposition of the new thoughts which were beginning to effect a revolution in the thinking See also:

• WORLD

world . He had drunk deeply of the spirit of the Renaissance, the determination to see for himself the See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble universe, unclouded by the mists of authoritative See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church tradition . The discoveries of See also:

• COPERNICUS (or KOPPERNIGK), NICOLAUS (1473-1543)

Copernicus were eagerly accepted by him, and he used them as the See also:

• LEVER (through O. Fr. leveour, levere, mod. levier, from Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVER, CHARLES JAMES (1806-1872)

lever by which to push aside the antiquated See also:

• SYSTEM

system that had come down from See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, for whom, indeed, he had a perfect hatred . Like See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon and See also:

• TELESIO, BERNARDINO (1509-1588)

Telesio he preferred the older See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek philosophers, who had looked at nature for themselves, and whose speculations had more of reality in them .

He had read widely and deeply, and in his own writings we come across many expressions See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to us in earlier systems . Yet his philosophy is no See also:

• ECLECTICISM (from Gr. fr)

eclecticism . He owed something to See also:

• LUCRETIUS (TITUS LUCRETIUS CARUS) (c. 98–55 B.C.)

Lucretius, something to the Stoic nature-See also:

• PANTHEISM (Gr. 7rav, all, Oeos, god)

pantheism, something to Anaxagoras, to Heraclitus, to the Pythagoreans, and to the Neoplatonists, who were partially known to him; above all, he was a profound student of See also:

• NICOLAS
• NICOLAS, SIR NICHOLAS HARRIS (1799–1848)

Nicolas of Cusa, who was indeed a speculative Copernicus . But his own system has a distinct unity and originality; it breathes through-out the fiery spirit of Bruno himself . Bruno had been well received at Toulouse, where he had lectured on See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy; even better See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune awaited him at Paris, especially at the hands of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III . He was offered a See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of philosophy, provided he would receive the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass . He at once refused, but was permitted to deliver lectures . These seem to have been altogether devoted to expositions of a certain logical system which Bruno had taken up with See also:

• GREAT

great eagerness, the Ars Magna of Raimon See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

Lull . With the exception of a satiric See also:

• COMEDY

comedy, Il Candelajo, all the See also:

• WORKS

works of this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period are devoted to this See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic —De Umbris Idearum, A rs Memo?. See also:

• LAC

lac, De compendiosa architectura et complemento artis Lullii, and Cantus Circaeus . To many it has seemed a curious freak of Bruno's that he should have so eagerly adopted a view of thought like that of Lull, but in reality it is in strict accordance with the principles of his philosophy . Like the Arabian logicians, and some of the scholastics, who held that ideas existed in a threefold See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form—ante res, in rebusand See also:

• POST

post res—he laid down the principle that the archetypal ideas existed metaphysically in the ultimate unity or intelligence, physically in the world of things, and logically in signs, symbols or notions . These notions were shadows of the ideas, and the Ars Magna furnished him with a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, according to which their relations and correspondences should be exhibited .

It supplied not only a memoria technica, but an See also:

• ORGANON (Gr. 6pyavov, instrument, from Epyov, work)

organon, or method by which the See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

genesis of all ideas from unity might be represented intelligibly and easily . It provided also a substitute for either the Aristotelian or the Ramist logic, which was an additional See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in its favour . Under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection' of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel de See also:

• CASTELNAU, MICHEL DE, SIEUR DE LA MAUVTSSIERE (c. 1520-1592)

Castelnau, sieur de Mauvissiere, Bruno passed over in 1583 to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, where he resided for about two years . He was disgusted with the brutality of See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners, which he paints in no flattering See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, and he found pedantry and superstition as rampant in See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford as in Geneva . Indeed, there still existed on the See also:

• STATUTE

statute a See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision that " Masters and Bachelors who did not follow Aristotle faithfully were liable to a See also:

• FINE

fine of five shillings for every point of divergence, and for every See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault committed against the logic of the Organon." But he indulges in extravagant eulogies of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . He is generally said to have formed the acquaintance of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney, See also:

• FULKE, WILLIAM (1538-1589)

Fulke Greville and other eminent Englishmen, but there has been much controversy as to the facts of his life in See also:

• LONDON

London . It seems probable that he lived in the French See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in some secretarial or tutorial position . He may conceivably have met Bacon, but it is quite incredible that he met See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare in the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing See also:

• SHOP

shop of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Vautrollier . In Oxford he was allowed to hold a disputation with some learned doctors on the See also:

• RIVAL

rival merits of the Copernican and so-called Aristotelian systems of the universe, and, according to his own See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report, had an easy victory . The best of his works were written in the freedom of English social life . The Cena de le Ceneri, or Ash Wednesday conversation, devoted to an exposition of the Copernican theory, was printed in 1584 . In the same year appeared his two great metaphysical works, De la Causa,Principio, ed Uno, and De 1' Infinito, Universo, e Mondi; in the year following the Eroici Furori and Cabala del See also:

• CAVALLO, TIBERIUS (1749-1809)

Cavallo Pegaseo .

In 1584 also appeared the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue, Spaccio della See also:

• BESTIA

Bestia Trionfante (See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

Expulsion of the Triumphant Beast), an See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory treating chiefly of moral philosophy, but giving the essence of Bruno's philosophy . The gods are represented as resolving to banish from the heavens the constellations, which served to remind them of their evil deeds . In their places are put the moral virtues . The first of the three dialogues contains the substance of the allegory, which, under the disguise of an See also:

• ASSAULT (from Lat. ad, to or on, and saltare, to leap)

assault on See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, is a See also:

• DIRECT

direct attack on all forms of anthropomorphic See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . But in a philosophical point of view the first See also:

• PART

part of the second dialogue is the most important . Among the moral virtues which take the place of the beasts are Truth, Prudence, See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law and Universal See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment, and in the explanation of what these mean Bruno unfolds the inner essence of his system . Truth is the unity and substance which underlies all things; Prudence or See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence is the regulating See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of truth, and comprehends both See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity; Wisdom is providence itself in its supersensible aspect—in See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man it is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason which grasps the truth of things; Law results from wisdom, for no See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good law is irrational, and its See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole end and aim is the good of mankind; Universal Judgment is the principle whereby men are judged according to their deeds, and not according to their belief in this or that See also:

• CATECHISM (from Gr. Karnxeiv, teach by word of mouth)

catechism . Mingled with his allegorical philosophy are the most vehement attacks upon the established religion . The monks are stigmatized as pedants who would destroy the joy of life on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, who are avaricious, dissolute and the breeders of eternal dissensions and squabbles . The mysteries of faith are scoffed at . The Jewish records are put on a level with the Greek myths, and miracles are laughed at as magical tricks . Through all this runs the See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of thought resulting naturally from Bruno's fundamental principles, and familiar in See also:

• MODERN

modern philosophy as Spinozism, the denial of particular providence, the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of the uselessness of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer, the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification in a sense of liberty and necessity, and the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of good and evil .

In 1585-1586 he returned with Castelnau to Paris, where his See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Aristotelian views were taken up by the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of See also:

• CAMBRAI

Cambrai, but was soon driven from his See also:

• REFUGE

refuge, and we next find him at See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg and See also:

• WITTENBERG

Wittenberg, the headquarters of Lutheranism . There is a tradition that here or in England he embraced the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant faith; nothing in his writings would See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead one to suppose so . Several works, chiefly logical, appeared during his stay at Wittenberg (De Lampade combinatoria Lulliana, 1587, and De Progressu et Lampade venatoria logicorum, 1587) . In 1588 he went to See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, then to Helmstadt . In 1591 he was at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, and published three important metaphysical works, De Triplici Minimo et Iviensura; De Monade, Numero, et Figura; De Immenso et Innumerabilibus . He did not stay See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long at Prague, and we find him next at See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, whence he accepted an invitation to See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice from a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young patrician, Giovanni See also:

• MOCENIGO

Mocenigo . It was a rash step . The emissaries of the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition were on his track; he was thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison, and in 1593 was brought to Rome . Seven years were spent in confinement . On the 9th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1600 he was excommunicated, and on the 17th was burned at the stake . ' For more than two centuries Bruno received scarcely the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration he deserved . On the 9th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1889, however, as a result of a strong popular See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, a statue to him was unveiled in Rome in the Campo dei Fiori, the place of his See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution .

To Bruno, as to all great thinkers, philosophy is the See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search for unity . Amid all the varying and contradictory phenomena of the universe there is something which gives coherence and intelligibility to them . Nor can this unity be something apart from the things; it must contain in itself the universe, which develops from it; it must be at once all and one . This unity is See also:

• GOD

God, the universal sub-stance,— the one and only principle, or causa immanens,—that which is in things and yet is distinct from them as the universal is distinct from the particular . He is the efficient and final cause of all, the beginning, See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, and end, eternal and See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite . By his See also:

• ACTION

action the world is produced, and his action is the law of his nature, his necessity is true freedom . He is living, active intelligence, the principle of See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion and creation, realizing himself in the infinitely various forms of activity that constitute individual things . To the infinitely actual there is necessary the possible; that which deter-mines involves somewhat in which its determinations can have existence . This other of God, which is in truth one with him, is See also:

• MATTER

matter . The universe, then, is a living cosmos, an infinitely animated system, whose end is the perfect realization of the variously graduated forms . The unity which sunders itself into the multiplicity of things may be called the monas monadum, each thing being a monas or self-existent, living being, a universe in itself . Of these monads the number is infinite .

The soul of man is a thinking See also:

• MONAD (Gr. µovas, unit, from µovos, alone)

monad, and stands See also:

• MID

mid-way between the divine intelligence and the world of See also:

• EXTERNAL

external things . As a portion of the divine life, the soul is immortal . Its highest See also:

• FUNCTION

function is the contemplation of the divine unity, discoverable under the manifold of See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . Such is a brief See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal positions of Bruno's philosophy . It seems quite clear that in the earlier works,particularly the two Italian dialogues, he approached more nearly to the See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-theistic view of things than in his later Latin See also:

• TREATISES

treatises . The unity expounded at first is simply an anima mundi, a living universe, but not intelligent . There is a distinct development traceable towards the later and final form of his doctrine, in which the universe appears as the realization of the divine mind . Bruno's writings had been much neglected when See also:

• JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819)
• JACOBI, JOHANN GEORG (1740-1814)
• JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB (1804-1851)

Jacobi brought them into See also:

• NOTICE

notice in his Briefe fiber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Lehre Spinozas (end ed., 1879) . Since then many have held that See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes, See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza and See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz were indebted to him for their See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main principles . So far as Descartes is concerned, it is highly improbable that he had seen any of Bruno's works . See also:

• SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775-1854)
• SCHELLING, KAROLINE (1763-1809)

Schelling, however, called one of his works after him, Bruno . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief English See also:

• WORK

work on Giordano Bruno is that of J .

See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis M'Intyre (London, 1903), containing life, commentary and bibliography . See also C . Bartholmess, J . Bruno (Paris, 1846–1847) ; Domenico Berti, Giordano Bruno da Nola (2nd ed., 1889) ; H . Brunnhofer, Giordano Brunos Weltanschauung (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1883); M . See also:

• CARRIERE, MORITZ (1817-1895)

Carriere, Philosophische Weltanschauung der Reformationszeit, pp . 411-494 (2nd ed., . 1887) ; F . J . Clemens, Giordano Bruno and Nicolaus von Cusa (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1847) ; See also:

• MISS

Miss I . See also:

• FRITH (or FRYTH), JOHN (c. 1503-1533)
• FRITH, WILLIAM POWELL (1818-19og)

Frith, Life of Giordano Bruno the Nolan (London, 1887) ; C . E .

See also:

• PLUMPTRE, EDWARD HAYES (1821-1891)

Plumptre, Life and Works of Giordano Bruno (London, 1884) ; Chr . See also:

• SIGWART, CHRISTOPH WILHELM VON (1789-1844)

Sigwart, in Kleine Schriften, 1st See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, pp . 49-124, 293-304; A . RiehI, G . Bruno (1889, ed . 1900; Eng. trans . See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes See also:

• FRY
• FRY, ELIZABETH (178o-1845)
• FRY, SIR EDWARD (1827– )

Fry, 1905) ; Landsbeck, Bruno, der Martyrer der neuen Weltanschauung (189o); See also:

• OWEN, JOHN (1616-1683)
• OWEN, JOHN [OVENUS Or AUDOENUS] (c. 1560-1622)
• OWEN, ROBERT (1771-1858)
• OWEN, SIR HUGH (1804-1881)
• OWEN, SIR RICHARD (1804–1892)

Owen, in Sceptics of the Italian Renaissance (London, 1893); C . H. von See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, G . Bruno (1900); R . See also:

• ADAMSON, PATRICK (1537-1592)
• ADAMSON, ROBERT (1852-1902)

Adamson, Development of Modern Philosophy (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and London, 1903) ; G . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis, G . Bruno, See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Weltanschauung and Lebensauffassung (1900); O .

Juliusberger, G . Bruno and die Gegenwart (1902); J . Reiner, G . Bruno and seine Weltanschauung (1907) . The most important See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical works are perhaps those of Felice Tocco, Le Opere Latine di Giordano Bruno (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1889), Le Opere Inedite di Giordano Bruno (Naples, 1891), Le Fonti piu recenti della filos. del Bruno (Rome, 1892) . See also H . See also:

• HOFFDING, HARALD (1843– )

Hoffding, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Modern Philosophy (Eng. trans., 190o) ; J . M . See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short History of Freethought (London, 1906); G . See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

Gentile, Giordano Bruno nella See also:

• SCORIA (Lat. scoria, slag)

Scoria della cultura (1907) . For other works see G . Graziano, Bibliografia Bruniana (1900) .

(R . AD.; J . M .