See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE OF KARL WILHELM See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

FERDINAND See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• DUKE OF KARL WILHELM FERDINAND BRUNSWICK (1735-18o6)

BRUNSWICK (1735-18o6)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 9th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1735 at See also:

• WOLFENBUTTEL

Wolfenbuttel . He received an unusually wide and thorough See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and travelled in his youth in See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and various parts of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . His first military experience was in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North German See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1757, under the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland . At the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Hastenbeck he won See also:

• GREAT

great renown by a gallant See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade; and upon the See also:

• CAPITULATION (Lat. capitulum, a little head or division; capitulare, to treat upon terms)

capitulation of Kloster Zeven he was easily persuaded by his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, who succeeded Cumberland, to continue in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war as a general officer . The exploits of the hereditary See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, as he was called, soon gained him further reputation, and he became an acknowledged See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of irregular warfare . In pitched battles, and in particular at See also:

• MINDEN

Minden and Warburg, he proved himself an excellent subordinate . After the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Seven Years' War, the prince visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England with his See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride, the daughter of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and in 1766 he went to France, being received both by his See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies and his See also:

• LATE

late enemies with every token of respect . In See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris he made the acquaintance of See also:

• MARMONTEL, JEAN FRANCOIS (1723-1799)

Marmontel; in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, whither he continued his tour, that of See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire; and in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where he remained for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, he explored the antiquities of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city under the guidance of See also:

• WINCKELMANN, JOHANN JOACHIM (1717-.1768)

Winckelmann . After a visit to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples he returned to Paris, and thence, with his wife, to Bruns-See also:

• WICK

wick . His services to the dukedom during the next few years were of the greatest value; with the assistance of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister Feronce von Rotenkreuz he rescued the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state from the See also:

• BANKRUPTCY (from Lat. bancus or Fr. banquet table or counter, and Lat. ruptus, broken)

bankruptcy into which the war had brought it . His popularity was unbounded, and when he succeeded his See also:

• FATHER

father, Duke Karl I., in 178o, he soon became known as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model to sovereigns . He was perhaps the best representative of the benevolent See also:

• DESPOT (Gr. Sc-va6rgs, lord or master; the origin of the first part of the Gr. word is unknown, the second part is cognate with rbvcs, husband, Lat. potens, powerful)

despot of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century—See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise, economical, prudent and kindly .

His habitual caution, if it induced him on some occasions to leave reforms uncompleted, at any See also:

• RATE

rate saved him from the failures which marred the efforts of so many liberal princes of his time . He strove to keep his duchy from all See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign entanglements . At the same time he continued to render important services to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, for whom he had fought in the Seven Years' War; he was a Prussian See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal, and was at pains to make the See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of which he was See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel a model one, and he was frequently engaged in See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic and other state affairs . He resembled his uncle Frederick the Great in many ways, but he lacked the supreme See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of the king, and in See also:

• CIVIL

civil as in military affairs was prone to excessive caution . As an enthusiastic adherent of the Germanic and See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian policy of Prussia he joined the Furstenbund, in which, as he now had the reputation of being the best soldier of his time, he was the destined See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the federal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . Between 1763 and 1787 his only military service had been in the brief War of the Bavarian See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

Succession; in the latter See also:

• YEAR

year, however, the duke, as a Prussian field marshal, led the army which invaded Holland . His success was rapid, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete and almost bloodless, and in the eyes of contemporaries the campaign appeared as an .example of perfect generalship . Five years later Brunswick was appointed to the command of the allied Austrian and German army assembled to invade France and crush the Revolution . In this task he knew that he must encounter more than a formal resistance . He was so far in acknowledged sympathy with See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French hopes of reform, that when he gave an See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum in his duchy to the " See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte de See also:

• LILLE

Lille " (See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII.) the revolutionary See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government made no protest . Indeed, earlier in this year (1792) he had been offered supreme command of the French army . As the king of Prussia took the field with Brunswick's army, the duke See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound as a soldier to treat his wishes as actual orders .

(For the events of the Valmy campaign see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY See also:

• WARS

WARS.) The result of Brunswick's cautious advance on Paris was the cannonade of Valmy followed by the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the allies . The following campaign of 1793 showed him perhaps at his best as a careful and exact general; even the fiery See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche, with the " nation in arms " behind him, failed to make any impression on the See also:

• VETERAN

veteran See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the allies . But difficulties and disagreements at headquarters multiplied, and when Brunswick found himself unable to move or See also:

• DIRECT

direct his army without interference from the king, he laid down his command and returned to govern his duchy . He did not, however, withdraw entirely from Prussian service, and in 1803 he carried out a successful and diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . In 18o6, at the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise of Prussia, he consented to command the Prussian army, but here again the presence of the king of Prussiaand the conflicting views of numerous advisers of high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank proved fatal . At the battle of Auerstadt the old duke was mortally wounded . Carried for nearly a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in the midst of the routed Prussian army he died at last on the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 18o6 at Ottensen near See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg . His son and successor, See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1771-I815), who was one of the bitterest opponents of See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic domination in Germany, took See also:

• PART

part in the war of 1809 at the head of a See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of partisans; fled to England after the battle of See also:

• WAGRAM (DEUTSCH-WAGRAM)

Wagram, and returned to Brunswick in 1813, where he raised fresh troops . He was killed at the battle of Quatre See also:

• BRAS

Bras on the 16th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1815 . See See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Fitzmaurice, See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles W . F., duke of Brunswick (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1901); memoir in Allgemeine deutsche Biographie, vol. ii . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1882) ; and, for an interesting See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of his military See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character .

A . Chuquet, See also:

• LES

Les Guerres de la Revolution—La Premiere Invasion prussienne (Paris, N.D.) .