See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the See also:

• ENGLISH

English word, means both the undergrowth of a See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or See also:

• BROOM

broom, but this is h  istorically doubtful, and others connect it with the Ger . Borste, bristle), an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for removing dust or dirt from surfaces or for applying paint, whitewash, &c., composed of a tuft or tufts of some fibrous or flexible material secured to a solid basis or stock . Brushes made of the twigs of trees like the See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch and provided with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long handles are often called brooms, and the same See also:

• TERM

term is applied to some brushes used in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-hold for removing dust (e.g. See also:

• CARPET

carpet-See also:

• BROOM

broom, whisk-broom) but not to those used for applying paint . Among the numerous materials employed for the manufacture of brushes of various kinds are feathers, See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig's bristles, the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair of certain animals, See also:

• WHALEBONE

whalebone, See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber, split-See also:

• CANE

cane, broom-See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn (a variety of See also:

• SORGHUM

sorghum) and See also:

• COIR (from Malay Kayar, cord, Kayaru, to be twisted)

coir . Brushes are of two kinds, See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound . The former consist of but one tuft, as hair pencils and painters' tools . The latter have more than one tuft . Brushes with the tufts placed See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side on See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat boards, as plasterers' brushes, are called stock-brushes . The single tuft brushes, or pencils for artists, are made of the hair of the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel, See also:

• BADGER

badger, See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat and other animals for the smaller See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and pig's bristles for the larger . The hairs for pencils are carefully arranged so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a point in the centre, and, when tied together, are passed into the wide end of the See also:

• QUILL

quill or See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube and See also:

• DRAWN

drawn out at the other end to the extent required . The small ends of the quills, having been previously moistened, See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract as they dry and bind the hair . A similar effect is produced with metal tubes by See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression .

Compound brushes are—first, set or See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-See also:

• WORK

work; second, drawn-work . Of the former, an example is the. See also:

• COMMON

common house-broom, into the stock of which holes are drilled of the See also:

• SIZE

size wanted . The necessary quantity of bristles, hair, or fibre to fill each hole being collected together, the thick ends are dipped into molten See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement chiefly composed of See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round with See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread, dipped again, and then set into a hole of the stock with a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar twisting See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion . In drawn-brushes, of which those for shoes, See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth, nails and clothes are examples,: the holes are more neatly bored, and have smaller ones at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top communicating with the back of the See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush, through which a See also:

• BIGHT (O. Eng. bight, bend; cf. Ger. Bucht, a bay, and beugen, to bend)

bight or See also:

• LOOP

loop of See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire passes from the back of the stock . See also:

• HALF

Half the number of hairs of See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres needed for the tufts to .fill the holes are passed into the bight of the wire, which is then pulled smartly so as to See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the hairs and force them into the loop-hole as far as possible . With all brushes, when the holes have been properly filled, the ends of the fibres outside are cut with See also:

• SHEARS

shears, either to an even length or such form as may be desired . The backs are then covered with See also:

• VENEER

veneer or other material to conceal the wire and other crudities of the work . In trepanned brushes the bristles are inserted in holes that do not pass right through the stock, and are secured by threads or wires See also:

• RUNNING

running in drawholes which are drilled through the stock at right angles to them . The ends of these drawholes are plugged so as to be as inconspicuous as possible, and the method avoids the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of a veneer on the back . The See also:

• WOODBURY
• WOODBURY, CHARLES HERBERT (1864— )
• WOODBURY, LEVI (1789—1851)

Woodbury See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine, one of the earliest See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical devices for the manufacture of brushes, which was invented in See also:

• AMERICA

America about 1870, produced brushes of this kind . One of the most important purposes to which brushes have been applied is that of sweeping chimneys, and so far back as 1789 See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Elin patented an arrangement of brushes for this purpose . Revolving brushes for sweeping rooms were patented in 181 r, and the first patent in which they were applied to hair-dressing appears in 1862 .

Many inventions for sweeping and cleaning roads by means of revolving brushes and other contrivances have been introduced,one of the first being that of See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Henning in 1699` for " a new See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine for sweeping the streets of See also:

• LONDON

London, or any See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city or See also:

• TOWN

town." Brushes with tufts formed of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel wire are used for cleaning tubes and flues of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam boilers, for the purpose of removing the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale formed by the products of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion . Steel-wire brushes are also used for cleaning scale from the interior surfaces of a See also:

• BOILER

boiler, and for removing the See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand from the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of a casting . Occasionally such brushes are revolved in a machine, for more convenient use on the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article to be cleaned or polished . Snyer's patent elastic clutch or coupling, used for such purposes as coupling up or disconnecting a steam-engine from a See also:

• LINE

line of shafting or See also:

• DYNAMO (a shortened form of " dynamo-electric machine," from Gr. Sbvaµis, power)

dynamo, consists essentially of two disks, the adjacent faces of which are provided, one with a See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring of brushes made of flat steel wire, the other with a number of finely serrated teeth . One of the disks is movable longitudinally on its See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft, and with the brushes clear of the serrations the clutch is See also:

• FREE

free . On bringing the disks together, which may be done with the engine running at See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed, the See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity of the brush permits the motion to be imparted gradually and without See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock to the See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• PART

part, until both rotate and are locked together . These clutches are very powerful, and are capable of transmitting as much as 3000 See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In dynamo-electric machinery the See also:

• DEVICE

device used to conduct current into or out of the rotating See also:

• ARMATURE (from Lat. armatura, armour)

armature is termed a " brush." There are usually two brushes to each dynamo or motor, and they are placed diametrically opposite, lightly touching the commutator of the armature . It is important that there should be See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good metallic contact between the brushes and the commutator, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the frictional resistance resulting from the contact must be a minimum . To effect this result brushes are variously made . A kind of brush frequently used consists of a number of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper wires laid side by side and soldered together at one end, where the brush is held . Brushes are also made of strips of spongy copper cut like a See also:

• COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb, which give a number of bearing points on the commutator .

Very good results are obtained from brushes made of copper See also:

• GAUZE

gauze See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound closely until it takes the exterior form of a rectangular See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block, which is held radially in a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring holder, and bears at the end on the commutator . In See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the gauze block " brushes " of hard See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon blocks are frequently used (see DYNAMO) .