See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)  , the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, and of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• BRABANT
• BRABANT, NORTH

Brabant, situated in 50° 51' N., 4° 22' E., about 70 M. from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea at See also:

• OSTEND (Flemish and French Ostende)

Ostend . It occupies the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain or valley of the Senne, and the sides and See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill lying to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east of that valley . It is now extending over the hills See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the valley, and to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north is the See also:

• TOWN

town or See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune of Laeken, which is practically See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels suffered severely in 1695 from the See also:

• BOMBARDMENT

bombardment of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French under See also:

• VILLEROI, FRANCOIS DE NEUFVILLE

Villeroi, who fired into the town with red-hot shot . Sixteen churches and 4000 houses were burnt down, and the historic buildings on the See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place were seriously injured, the houses of the Nine Nations on the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side being completely destroyed . In 1731 the famous See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace of the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands was destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and the only remains of this edifice are some ruined See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches and walls in a remote corner of the grounds of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's palace . The See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte de See also:

• HAL

Hal is the only one of the eight See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates in the old See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• STANDING

standing . It See also:

• DATES

dates from 1381, and is well See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth more careful examination than it receives . In the latter See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century it served as a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

bastille for See also:

• POLITICAL

political prisoners, and is now used as a museum in which a rather nondescript collection of articles, some from See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, has been allowed to accumulate . With regard to the See also:

• FINE

fine boulevards of the Upper Town, it may be mentioned that about 1765 they were planted with the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime trees which still constitute their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ORNAMENT (Lat. ornare, to adorn)

ornament by See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles of See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine while governing the Netherlands for his See also:

• SISTER

sister-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, the empress Maria See also:

• THERESA, ST (1515-1582)

Theresa . The See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of this prince was the palace of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Silent, before he declared against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and it is now used partly for the royal library, which contains the famous See also:

• LIRA

lira. rie de Bourgogne, and partly for the museum of See also:

• MODERN

modern pictures . The only other " hotel " or palace in Brussels is that of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke d'Arenberg .

In the 16th century this was the residence of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• EGMONT (EGMOND), LAMORAL, COUNT OF
• EGMONT, EARLS OF

Egmont, but very little of the See also:

• BUILDING

building of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day remains . In the same See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue See also:

• DES

des Petits Carmes, was the Hotel Culembourg in which the famous See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of the beggars was taken . It has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been demolished and the new See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks of the See also:

• GRENADIER

Grenadier See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment have been erected on the site . The only other buildings of importance dating from See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times are the three churches of Ste Gudule (often erroneously :ailed the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral), Notre-See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame des Victoires or See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of the Sablon, and Notre-Dame de la Chapelle, or simply la Chapelle, and the hotel de ville and the Maison du Roi on the Grand Place . The church of Ste Gudule, also dedicated to St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, is built on the side of the hill originally called St Michael's See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount, and now covered by the fashionable quarters which are included under the comprehensive description, of the Upper Town . It was begun about the See also:

• YEAR

year 1220, and is considered one of the finest specimens left of pointed See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic . It is said to have been completed in 1273, with the exception of the two towers which were added in the 14th or 15th century . Some of the stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass is very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich, dating from the 13th to the 15th century . In many of the windows there are figures of leading members of the houses of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy and See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg . The curious See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit representing See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam and See also:

• EVE

Eve expelled from the See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden came originally from the Jesuit church at See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, and is considered the masterpiece of See also:

• VERBRUGGEN, SUSANNA (c. 1667-1703)

Verbruggen . The church of the Sablon is said to have been founded in 1304 by the gild of Crossbowmen to celebrate the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Woeringen . In a side See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel is a fine See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument to the princely See also:

• FAMILY

family of Thurn and Taxis, which had the monoply of the postal service in the old See also:

• EMPIRE

empire .

La Chapelle is still older, dating nominally from 1210, the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir and See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept being considered to date from about fifty years later . There are some fine monuments, especially one to the duke de Croy who died in 1624 . The two churches last named have undergone much renovation both outside and inside . The Grand Place is by its associations one of the most interesting public squares in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . On its flags were fought out many feuds between See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• GILDS, or GUILDS

gilds; Egmont and See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn, and many other gallant men whose names have been forgotten, were executed here under the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of its See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings, and in more See also:

• RECENT

recent times See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez proclaimed the French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic where the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of Brabant and Burgundy were wont to hold their jousts . Apart from its associations the Grand Place contains two of the finest and most ornate buildings not merely in the capital but in Belgium . Of these the hotel de ville, which is far the larger of the two, occupies the greater part of the south side of the square . Its See also:

• FACADE

facade has the disadvantage of having had one half begun about half a century before the other . The older, which is the richer in See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, forms the left side of the building and dates from 1410, while the right, less rich and shorter, was begun in 1443 . The fine See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, 36o ft. in height, is crowned by the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper figure of St Michael, 16 ft. in height, erected here as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1454• This tower lies behind the extremity of the left wing of the building . Opposite the town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall is the smaller but extremely ornate Maison du Roi . This was never a royal residence as the name would seem to imply, but its description appears to have been derived from the fact that it was usually in this building that the royal address was read to the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general .

As this building was almost destroyed by Villeroi's bombardment it possesses no claim to antiquity, indeed the existing building was only completed in 1877 . Egmont and Horn were sentenced in the hotel de ville, and passed their last See also:

• NIGHT

night in the Maison du Roi . Among the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal buildings erected in the city during the 18th century are the king's palace and the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament or Palais de la Nation, which See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face the south and north sides of the See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park respectively . The palace occupies part of the site covered by the old palace burnt down in 1731, and it was built in the reign of the empress Maria Theresa . It originally consisted of two detached buildings, but in 1826–1827 King William I.of the Netherlands caused them to be connected . The palace contains two fine rooms used for See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court ceremonies, and a considerable number of pictures . In 1904 a See also:

• BILL

bill was passed in the See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers for the enlargement and embellishment of the palace . The adjacent buildings, viz. the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, formerly the residence of the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis d'Assche, and the Hotel de Bellevue, held under a kind of perpetual See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease granted by the empress Maria Theresa, were absorbed in the palace, and a new facade was constructed which occupies the entire length of the Place du Palais . At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a piece was cut off the park to prevent the undue contraction of the Place by the necessary bringing forward of the palace, and the pits which played a certain part in the revolution of 183o when the Dutch defended the park for a few days against the Belgians were filled up . The Palais de la Nation was constructed between 1779 and 1783, also during the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . It was intended for the states-general and See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices . During the French occupation the law courts sat there, and from 1817 to 183o it was assigned for the sittings of the states-general .

It is now divided between the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate and the chamber of representatives . In 1833 the part assigned to the latter was burnt out, and has since been reconstructed . The buildings flanking the chambers and nearer the park are government offices with residences for the ministers attached . The improvements effected in Brussels during the 19th century were enormous, and completely transformed the city . The removal of the old wall was followed by the creation of the quartier See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold, and at a later period of the quartier See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis in the Upper Town . In the See also:

• LOWER

lower, under the energetic direction of two burgomasters, De Brouckere and Anspach, not less sweeping changes were effected . The Senne was bricked in, and the fine boulevards du See also:

• NORD

Nord, Anspach, See also:

• HAINAUT (Flem. Henegouwen, Ger. Hennegau)

Hainaut and Midi took the place of slums . The See also:

• BOURSE (from the Med. Lat. bursa, a purse)

Bourse and the See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office are two fine modern buildings in this See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the city . The See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

Column of the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress—i.e. of the Belgian representatives who founded the kingdom of Belgium—surmounted by a statue of ,King Leopold I., was erected in 1859, and in 1866 the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone was laid of the Palais de See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice, which was not finished till 1883, at a cost of sixty million francs . This edifice, the design of the architect Poelaert, is in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• KARNAK

Karnak and See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, but surmounted with a See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, and impresses by its grandiose See also:

• PRO

pro-portions (see See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

ARCHITECTURE, See also:

• PLATE

Plate XI. fig . 121) . It is well placed on the brow of the hill at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity of the rue de la Regence (the prolongation of the rue Royale), and can be seen from See also:

• GREAT

great distances .

In the rue de la Regence are the new picture See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery, a fine building with an exceedingly See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good collection of pictures, the palace of the count of See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, and the garden of the See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Sablon, which contains statues of Egmont and Horn, and a large number of statuettes representing the various gilds and handicrafts . Immediately above this garden is the Palais d'Arenberg . Perhaps the memorial that attracts the greatest amount of public See also:

• INTEREST

interest in Brussels is that to the Belgians who were killed during the fighting with the Dutch in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1830 . This has been erected in a little square called the Place des Martyrs, not far from the Monnaie See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre . Outside Brussels at Evere is the chief See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery, with fine monuments to the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• OFFICERS

officers killed at See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo (removed from the church in that See also:

• VILLAGE

village), to the French soldiers who died on Belgian See also:

• SOIL

soil in 1870-71, and another to the Prussians . Many as were the changes in Brussels during the 19th century, those in progress at its See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close and at the beginning of the 20th have effected a marked alteration in the town . These have been rendered possible only by the excellent See also:

• SYSTEM

system of electric tram-ways which have brought districts formerly classed as pure See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country within reach of the citizens . The construction of the fine See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

Avenue de See also:

• LOUISE [AUGUSTE WILHELMINE AMALIE LUISE] (1776-1810)

Louise (11 m. long) from the See also:

• BOULEVARD (a Fr. word, earlier boulevart, from Dutch or Ger. Bollwerk, cf. Eng. " bulwark ")

Boulevard de Waterloo to the Bois de la Cambre was the first of these efforts to bring the remote suburbs within easy reach, at the same time furnishing an approach to the " bois " of Brussels that might in some degree be compared with the Champs Elysees in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Another avenue of later construction (61 m. in length) connects the park of the Cinquantenaire with See also:

• TERVUEREN

Tervueren . This route is extremely picturesque, traverses part of the See also:

• FOREST

forest of See also:

• SOIGNIES (or SOIGNES, the Walloon form)

Soignies, and is lined by many fashionable villas and country houses . Other improvements projected in 1908 on the slope of the hill. immediately below the Place Royale included the removal of the old tortuous and steep street called the " Montagne de la Cour " to give place to a Mont des Arts . A little lower down and not far from the ' university (which occupies the house of the famous See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal Granvelle of the 16th century) a central railway See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus was designed on a vast See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale .

These improvements connote the obliteration of the insanitary and overcrowded courts and alleys which were to be found between all the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main streets, few in number, connecting the upper and the lower towns . The See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge on the west and north-west of the Senne valley never formed part of the town, and it was from it that Villeroi bombarded the city . The suburbs on this ridge, from south to north, are Anderlecht, Molenbeek and Koekelberg, and Laeken with its royal See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau and park forms the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the Brussels conglomeration . Brussels has been growing at such a rapid See also:

• RATE

rate that the inclusion of this ridge, and more particularly at Koekelberg, within the town limits, was contemplated in 1908 . The completion of the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour See also:

• WORKS

works, making Brussels a sea-See also:

• PORT

port by giving sea-going vessels See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access thereto, was taken in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand in 1897 . The completed See also:

• WORK

work provides for a waterway for steamers See also:

• DRAWING

drawing 24 ft. by the Willibroek See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal into the Ruppel and the See also:

• SCHELDT (Fr. Escaut, Flem. Schelde)

Scheldt . There are steamers plying See also:

• DIRECT

direct from Brussels to See also:

• LONDON

London, and 372 vessels of a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of 76,000 entered and left the port in 1905 . The Willibroek Canal was made in the 16th century, and William I. of the Netherlands is entitled to the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of having first thought of converting it into a See also:

• SHIP

ship canal from Brussels to the Scheldt . Nothing was done, however, in his time to carry out the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . The distance from Brussels to the Ruppel is only 20 m., and thus Brussels is only about 33 M. farther from the sea than See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp . In addition to the advantages it enjoys from being the seat of the court and the government, Brussels is the centre of many prosperous See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . The manufactures of See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace, carpets and curtains, See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and carriages may be particularly mentioned, but it is chiefly as a place of residence for the well-to-do that the city has increased in See also:

• SIZE

size and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population .

See also:

• SCHOOLS

Schools of all kinds are abundant . At the Ecole Militaire youths are trained nominally for the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, but many go there who intend to enter one of the professions or the public service . This school used to occupy part of the old See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of the Cambre, situated in a hollow near the bois and the avenue Louise, but owing to its insanitary position it has been removed to a new building near the Cinquantenaire . There is a university, to which See also:

• ADMISSION

admission is easy and where the fees are moderate, and the See also:

• CONSERVATOIRE (the Fr. equivalent of Ital. Conservatorio, Ger. Conservatorium, from Med. Lat. conservatorium, a place where anything is preserved, Lat. conservare, to preserve)

Conservatoire provides as good musical teaching as can be found in Europe . See also:

• MUSIC

Music can be enjoyed every day in the year either out of doors or under See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover . During the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring the See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera continues without a break at the Theatre de la Monnaie, which may be called the See also:

• NATIONAL

national theatre . Concerts are held frequently, as the Belgians are a musical See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Of See also:

• LATE

late years See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport has taken a prominent part in Belgian See also:

• LIFE

life . There are athletic institutions, and See also:

• FOOTBALL

football is quite a popular See also:

• GAME

game . See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

Horse-racing has also come into See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue, and Boitsfort, in the bois, and Groenendael, farther off in the See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork de Soignies, are fashionable places of See also:

• REUNION

reunion for society . The town of Brussels has a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, which is directed by a burgomaster and sheriffs at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a town See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, whose headquarters are in the hotel de ville . In the Brussels agglomeration are nine suburbs or communes, each self-governing with burgomaster and sheriffs located in a Maison Communale .

These suburbs (beginning on the north and following the circumference eastward) are Schaerbeek, St Josse-ten-Noode, Etterbeek, Ixelles, St Gilles, Cureghem, Anderlecht, Molenbeek and Koekelberg . Laeken, which is really a tenth suburb, is classified as a town . In 1856 the population of Brussels alone was 152,828, and by x88o it had only increased to 162,498 . In 1890 the figures were 176,138; in 1900, 183,686; and in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1904, 194,196 . The great increase has been in the suburbs, amoupting to nearly 8o % in twenty-five years . In 188o the population of the ten suburbs including Laeken was 248,079 . In 1904 the total was 436,453, thus giving for the whole of Brussels a grand total of 630,649 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The name Brussel seems to have been derived from Broeksele, the village on the See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh or See also:

• BROOK

brook, and probably it was the most used point for See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the Senne on the main See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank road between See also:

• TOURNAI (Flemish Doornik)

Tournai and See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne . The Senne, a small tributary of the Scheldt, flows through the lower town, but since 1868 it has been covered in, and some of the finest boulevards in the lower town have been constructed over the course of the little See also:

• RIVER

river . The name Broeksele is mentioned by the chroniclers in the 8th century, and in the loth the church of Ste Gudule is said to have been endowed -by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• OTTO

Otto I . In the next two centuries Brussels See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in size and importance, and its See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade gilds were formed on lines similar to those of See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent . In 1312 Duke See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John II. of Brabant granted the citizens their See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter, distinguished from others as that of Cortenberg .

In 1356 Duke Wenceslas confirmed this charter and also the Golden See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull of the emperor Charles IV. of 1349 by his famous " Joyous Entry " into Louvain, the capital of the duchy . These three deeds or enactments constituted the early constitution of the South Netherlands, which, with one important modification in the time of Charles V., remained intact till the Brabant revolution in the reign of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II . In 1357 Wenceslas ordered a new wall embracing a greater See also:

• AREA

area than the earlier one to be constructed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round Brussels, and this was practically intact until after the Belgian revolution in 183o-1831 . It took twelve, or, according to others, twenty-two years to build . - In 1383 the dukes of Brabant transferred their capital from Louvain to Brussels, although for some time they did not See also:

• TRUST

trust themselves out of the strong See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle which they had erected at See also:

• VILVORDE

Vilvorde, half-way between the two turbulent cities . During this period the population of Brussels is supposed to have been 50,000, or one-fifth of that of Ghent . In 1420 the gilds of Brussels obtained a further charter recognizing their status as the Nine Nations, a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division still existing . Having fixed their seat of government at Brussels the dukes of Brabant proceeded to build a castle and place of residence on the Caudenberg hill, which is practically the site of the Place Royale and the king's palace to-day . This ducal residence, enlarged and embellished by its subsequent occupants, became eventually the famous palace of the Nether-lands which witnessed the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of Charles V. in 1555, and was destroyed by fire in 1731 . In 1430 died See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, last duke of Brabant as a separate ruler, and the duchy was merged in the possessions of the duke of Burgundy . In the 17th century Brussels was described (See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte de See also:

• SEGUR
• SEGUR, LOUIS PHILIPPE, COMTE DE (1753-1830)
• SEGUR, PHILIPPE HENRI, MARQUIS DE (1724-18o1)
• SEGUR, PHILIPPE PAUL, COMTE DE (1780-1873)

Segur, quoting the See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs of M. de la Serre) as " one of the finest, largest and best-situated cities not only of Brabant but of the whole of Europe . The old quarters which preserve in our time an aspect so singularly picturesque with their sloping and tortuous streets, the fine hotels of darkened stone sculptured in the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion, and the magnificence of the Place of the hotel de ville were buried behind an See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte of walls pierced by eight lofty gates flanked with one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and twenty-seven round towers at almost equal distance from each other like the balls of a See also:

• CROWN

crown .

At a distance of less than a mile was the forest of Soignies with great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of stags, red and See also:

• ROE (or Row), SIR THOMAS (c. 1581—1644)
• ROE, EDWARD PAYSON (1838-1888)

roe See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, that were hunted on horseback even under the ramparts of the town . On the See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade of the court there circulated in a long See also:

• FILE

file ceaselessly during fashionable See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours five or six hundred carriages, the servants in showy liveries . In the numerous churches the music was renowned, the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke Leopold being passionately given to the See also:

• ART

art, maintaining at his own cost See also:

• FORTY

forty or fifty musicians, the best of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Under the windows of the palace stretched the same park that we admire to-day, open all the year to privileged persons and twice a year to the public, a park filled with trees of rare essences and the most delicious See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers so artistically disposed, and so refreshing to the eyes, that M. de la Serre declared that if he had seen there an See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree he would assuredly have taken it for an earthly See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise." (D . C .