See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

BRUTUS (originally an See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " See also:

• BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute," " brutal")  , the surname of several distinguished See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans belonging to the Junian Bens . I . See also:

• LUCIUS

LUCIUS See also:

• JUNIUS
• JUNIUS, FRANZ (in French, Francois du Jon)

JUNIUS See also:

• BRUTUS (originally an adjective meaning " heavy," "stupid," kindred with Gr. aap(s, cf. Eng. " brute," " brutal")

BRUTUS, one of the first two consuls, 509 B.C . According to the legends, his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was the See also:

• SISTER

sister of Tarquinius Superbus, the last of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, and his See also:

• FATHER

father and his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHER

brother had been put to See also:

• DEATH

death by the reigning See also:

• FAMILY

family in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to get See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . Junius, the younger, owed his safety to his reputed dullness of See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect (whence his surname), which See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, however, he had only assumed for prudential reasons (See also:

• DION

Dion., Halic. iv . 67, 77) . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story is probably an invention to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for his name; in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case his dullness did not prevent his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse . When See also:

• LUCRETIA

Lucretia, wife of Collatinus, was outraged by Sextus Tarquinius (the incident which inspired See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's See also:

• RAPE
• RAPE (from Lat. rapere, to seize)
• RAPE (Lat. rapum or rapa, turnip)

Rape of Lucrece), Brutus, together with her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband and father, took a leading See also:

• PART

part in expelling the See also:

• TARQUINII (mod. Corneto Tarquinia, q.v.)

Tarquinii from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . He and Collatinus were therefore elected consuls—or rather praetors, which was the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title'(See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy i . 59) . In a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy formed for the restoration of the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, the two sons of Brutus were deeply implicated, and were executed by See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of their father, and in his sight (Livy ii . 3) .

The Etruscans of See also:

• VEIL (O.Fr. veile, mod. voile, from Lat. velum, cloth, awning, sail)

Veil. and Tarquinii making an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to restore Tarquinius, a See also:

• BATTLE

battle took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place between them and the Romans, in which Junius Brutus engaged Aruns, son of the deposed See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, in single combat on horseback, and each See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell by the other's See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand (Livy ii . 6; Dion . Halic. v . 14) . The Roman matrons mourned a See also:

• YEAR

year for him, as " the avenger of woman's See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour," and a statue was erected to him on the Capitol . The conspiracy of his sons is the subject of a tragedy by See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire . The patrician See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the family appears to have become See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct with L . Junius Brutus; the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief representatives of the plebeian branch in later times are dealt with below . H . DECIMUS JUNIUS BRUTUS, See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul 138, surnamed Gallaecus from his victory over the Gallaeci (136) in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, Tib . See also:

• GRACCHUS

Gracchus, 21) . He was a highly educated See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, a See also:

• PATRON

patron of literature, and a friend of the poet See also:

• ACCIUS
• ACCIUS, LUCIUS

Accius (Livy, Epit.' 55; See also:

• APPIAN (Gr. 'Aairtavbs)

Appian, Hisp .

71-73; Vell . Pat. ii . 5; See also:

• CICERO

Cicero, Brutus, 28) . IV . His son, of the same name, made a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation at the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar, and from the vehemence and bitterness of his speeches became known as " the Accuser " (Cicero, De Officiis, ii . 15) . V . DECIMUS JUNIUS BRUTUS (See also:

• ALBINUS (originally WEISS), BERNHARD SIEGFRIED (1697—1770)

Albinus), See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 84 B.C., first served under See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, and afterwards commanded his See also:

• FLEET

fleet . Caesar, who esteemed him very highly, made him his master of the horse and See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Gaul, and, in case of Octavian's death, nominated him as one of his heirs . Nevertheless he joined in the conspiracy against his patron, and, like his relative See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Junius Brutus (see below), was one of his assassins . He afterwards resisted the attempt of Antony to obtainabsolute See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power; and after heading the republican armies against him for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time with success, was deserted by his soldiers in Gaul, betrayed by one of the native chiefs, and put to death by order of Antony (43), while attempting to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape to Brutus and See also:

• CASSIUS
• CASSIUS, AVIDIUS (d. A.D. 175)
• CASSIUS, GAIUS

Cassius in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia . He figures in Cicero's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence: (See Appian, B.C. iii .

97; Dio Cassius xlvi . 53; Caesar, B.G. iii . 11, B.C. i . 36, 45.) VI . MARCUS JuNIUS BRUTUS (85, according to some, 79 or 78-42 B.c.), son of a father of the same name and of Servilia, See also:

• HALF

half-sister of See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato of See also:

• UTICA

Utica, is the most famous of the name, and is the real See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of Shakespeare's See also:

• JULIUS

Julius Caesar . His father had been treacherously put to death by order of See also:

• POMPEY

Pompey during the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars . At that time See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Marcus was only eight years old, and was educated with great care by his mother and uncles . He at first practised as an See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate . In spite of his father's See also:

• FATE

fate, he supported the cause of Pompey against Caesar, but was pardoned by the latter after the victory of Pharsalus, and subsequently appointed by him to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Cisalpine Gaul (46) .. , His See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and moderation won him great honour from the provincials under his See also:

• RULE

rule . In 44 he was See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city See also:

• PRAETOR (Lat. prae-itor, " he who goes before," "a leader")

praetor, and Caesar promised him the governorship of Macedonia at the expiration of his See also:

• TERM

term of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . Influenced probably by his friend Gains Cassius, he afterwards joined in the conspiracy against the great See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator, and was one of the foremost in his assassination .

He maintained the cause of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic by seizing and holding against Antony's forces the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Macedonia, where he was joined by Cassius . But at See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi (42) they were defeated by Antony and Octavian, and, rather than be taken prisoner, he fell on his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . His wife Porcia, daughter of Cato of Utica, afterwards committed See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide, it is said, by swallowing red-hot coals (Dio Cassius xlvii . 20-49; Plutarch, Brutus; Appian, B.C. iv.; Vell . Paterculus ii . 72) . Brutus was an See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest student through all his active See also:

• LIFE

life, and is said to have been working on an abridgment of See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias the See also:

• NIGHT

night before Pharsalus . He was generally friendly with Cicero, who dedicated several of his See also:

• WORKS

works to him (amongst them his Orator), and gave the name of Brutus to his See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue on famous orators; but there were frequent disagreements between them, and Cicero frequently speaks of his coldness and lack of See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . It is difficult to understand his great See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the Romans (he was only See also:

• FORTY

forty-three when he died); probably they admired him for his respectability, the old-fashioned gravitas . He was slow in decision, amazingly obstinate, lacking in sympathy See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save towards his womenkind—who unduly influenced him—See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid in his See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial dealings with the provincials both extortionate and cruel (Cie. ad Att. vi . 1 . 7) .

Shakespeare's portrait of him is far too flattering . It has been held that he was really an illegitimate son of Julius Caesar . If so we may find an explanation of his joining the conspirators by the fact that in 45 Caesar had appointed Octavian as his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir . He wrote several philosophical See also:

• TREATISES

treatises (de Virtute, de Officiis, de Patientia) and some See also:

• POETRY

poetry, but nothing has survived . On the other hand, we possess part of his correspondence with Cicero (two books out of an original nine), the authenticity of which, though formerly disputed, is now regarded as firmly established, with the possible exception of two of the letters . The letters of Brutus written in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek are probably the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of some rhetorician . See E . T . Bynum, Das Leben See also:

• DES

des M . J . Brutus (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle a/S., 1898); See also:

• TYRRELL, GEORGE (1861-1909)
• TYRRELL, SIR JAMES (d. 1502)

Tyrrell and See also:

• PURSER

Purser's edition of Cicero's Letters (refs. in See also:

• INDEX

index vol. s.v., Iunius Brutus," especially introductions to vols. iii. and v.)'; G . See also:

• BOISSIER, MARIE LOUIS ANTOINE GASTON (1823—1908)

Boissier, Cicero and his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Friends (Eng. trans .

1897) ; J . L . See also:

• STRACHAN, JOHN (1778–1867)

Strachan-See also:

• DAVIDSON, ANDREW BRUCE (1831–1902)
• DAVIDSON, JOHN (1857–1909)
• DAVIDSON, RANDALL THOMAS (1848– )
• DAVIDSON, SAMUEL (1807-1898)
• DAVIDSON, THOMAS (1817-1885)

Davidson, Cicero (1894); other authorities under CAESAR; CICERO .