See also:

• BUCCINA (more correctly Buclna, Gr. l3VKavr7, connected with bucca, cheek, and Gr. /% CL)

BUCCINA (more correctly Buclna, Gr. l3VKavr7, connected with bucca, cheek, and Gr. /% CL)  , a See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument extensively used in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . The Roman instrument consisted of a brass See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube measuring some 11 to 12 ft. in length, of narrow cylindrical See also:

• BORE

bore, and played by means of a See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-shaped See also:

• MOUTHPIECE (Fr. embouchure; Ger. Mundstuck; Ital. bocchino)

mouthpiece . The tube is See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round upon itself from the mouthpiece to the See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell in the shape of a broad C and is strengthened by means of a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar across the See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve, which the performer grasps while playing, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to steady the instrument; the bell curves over his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head or See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder as in the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HELICON
• HELICON (Fr. helicon, bombardon circulaire; Ger. Helikon)

helicon . Three Roman buccinas were found among the ruins of See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii and are now deposited in the museum at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . V . C . Mahillon, of See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels' has made a facsimile of From a photo by Brogi . one of these See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments; FIG. r.—See also:

• BUCCINA (more correctly Buclna, Gr. l3VKavr7, connected with bucca, cheek, and Gr. /% CL)

Buccina in the See also:

• NATIONAL

National it is in G and has almost Museum, Naples . the same See also:

• HARMONIC

harmonic See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series as the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn and the See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet . The buccina, the See also:

• CORNU, MARIE

cornu (see HORN), and the See also:

• TUBA

tuba were used as See also:

• SIGNAL

signal instruments in the Roman army and See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound the four See also:

• NIGHT

night watches (hence known as buccina prima, secunda, &c.), to summon them by means of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special signal known as classicism, and to give orders ? See also:

• FRONTINUS, SEXTUS JULIUS (c. A.D. 40-103)

Frontinus relates3 that a Roman See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, who had been surrounded by the enemy, escaped during the night by means of the stratagem of leaving behind him a buccinator (See also:

• TRUMPETER

trumpeter), who sounded 1 See See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue descriptif (See also:

• GHENT (Flem. Gent, Fr. Gand)

Ghent, 1880), p . 330, and See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration, vol. ii .

(1896), p . 30 . x See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy vii . 35, See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 15; Prop . V . 4, 63; Tac . See also:

• ANN

Ann. xv . 30; See also:

• VEGETIUS (FLAvjUS VEGETIUS RENATUS)

Vegetius, De re militari, ii . 22, iii . 5; Polyb. vi . 365, xiv .

3, 7 . 3 Stratagematicon, i . 5, § 17 . the watches throughout the night.' Vegetius gives brief descriptions of the three instruments, which suffice to establish their identity; the tuba, he says, is straight; the buccina is of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze bent in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a circle.2 The buccina, in respect of its technical construction and acoustic properties, was the ancestor of both trumpet and See also:

• TROMBONE (Fr. trombone, Ger. Posaune, Ital. trombono)

trombone; the connexion is further established by the derivation of the words See also:

• SACKBUT, SHAKBUSSHE, SAGBUT, DRAW

Sackbut and Posaune (the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German for trombone) from buccina . The relation was fully recognized in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany during the 15th and 16th centuries, as two See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of Vegetius, published at See also:

• ULM

Ulm in 1470, and at See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg in 1534, clearly demonstrate: " Bucina das ist See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die trumet See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

oder pusan"3 (" the bucina is the trumpet or trom- See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone "), and " Bucina ist die trummet die wirt ausz and eingezogen"4 (" the bucina is the trumpet which is See also:

• DRAWN

drawn out and in ") . A French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by See also:

• JEAN

Jean de Meung (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1488),5 renders the passage (See also:

• CHAP

chap. iii . 5) thus: " Trompe est longue et droite; buisine est courte et reflechist en li meisme si comme partie de cercle." On See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan's See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column' the tuba, the cornu and the buccina are distinguishable . Other illustra- tions of the buccina may be seen in See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Mazois' See also:

• LES

Les Ruines de Pompei (Paris, 1824-1838), pt. iv, pl. xlviii. fig . 1, and in J . N. von Wilmowsky's Eine romische See also:

• VILLA

Villa zu Nennig (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1865), p1. xii . (mosaics), where the buccinator is accom- panied on the hydraulus . The military buccina described is a much more advanced instrument than its prototype the buccina marina, a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive trumpet in the shape of a conical See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell, often having a See also:

• SPIRAL

spiral twist, which in See also:

• POETRY

poetry is often called concha .

The buccina marina is frequently depicted in the hands of Tritons (See also:

• MACROBIUS, AMBROSIUS THEODOSIUS

Macrobius i . 8), or of sailors, as for instance on terra-See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

cotta See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp shown by G . P . Bellori (Lucernae veterum sepulcrales iconicae, 1702, iii . 12) . The highly. imaginative writer of the apocryphal See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of St See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome to See also:

• DARDANUS

Dardanus also has a word to say concerning the buccina among the Semitic races: " Bucca vocaturtuba apud Hebreos: deinde per diminutionem buccina dicitur." After the fall of the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire the See also:

• ART

art of bending See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal tubes was gradually lost, and although the buccina survived in• See also:

• EUROPE

Europe both in name and in principle of construction during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages, it lost for ever the characteristic curve like a " C " which it possessed in See also:

• COMMON

common with the cornu, an instrument having a conical bore of wider calibre . Although we regard the buccina as essentially Roman, an instrument For another instance see See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, See also:

• COMM

Comm . Bell . Civ. ii . 35 . 2 Vegetius, op. cit. iii . 5 .

i Idem, ii . 7 . 4 Idem, iii . 5 . A reprint edited by Ulysse See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert has been published by the See also:

• SOC

Soc. See also:

• DES

des Anciens Textes See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

Francais (Paris, 1897) . e See See also:

• CONRAD (d. 955)
• CONRAD, JOSEPH (1856– )
• CONRAD, or KONRAD (M. H. Ger. Kuonrdl, i.e. " keen in counsel," Lat. Conradus, It. Corrado, cf. the A.S. Ccenred)

Conrad Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traiansdule, 3 vols. of See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text and 2 portfolios of heliogravures (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1896, &c.), Bd. i. pl. x. buccina and tubae; pl. viii. buccina; pl. lxxvi. buccina and two cornua; pl. xx. cornu, &c.; or W . Froehner, La Colonize de Trajan (Paris, 1872), vol. i. pl. xxxii., See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi., li., tome ii. p1. lxvi., tome iii. pl. cxxxiv., &c.of the same type, but probably straight and of kindred name, was widely known and used in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia and among the Semitic races: After a See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of years during which records are almost wanting, the buccina reappeared all over Europe as the busine, buisine, pusin, busaun, pusun, posaun, busna (Slav), &c . ; whether it was a Roman survival or a re-introduction through the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West and the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine empire in the East, we have no records to show . An 11th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century mural See also:

• PAINTING

painting representing the Last See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of S . Angelo in Formis (near See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua), shows the angels blowing the last See also:

• TRUMP (1) (O. Fr. trompe)

trump on busines.7 There are two distinct forms of the busine which may be traced during the middle ages: (1) a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long straight tube (fig . 2) consisting of 3 to 5 See also:

• JOINTS

joints of narrow cylindrical bore, the last See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint alone being conical and ending in a See also:

• POMMEL (through O. Fr. pomel, from a diminutive pomellus of Lat. pomum, fruit, apple)

pommel-shaped bell, precisely as in the curved buccina (fig . I); (2) a long straight cylindrical tube of somewhat wider bore than the busine, ending in a wide bell curving out abruptly from the cylindrical tube (fig .

3) . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the development of the trumpet, the sackbut and the trombone from the buccina will be found more fully treated under those headings; for the See also:

• PART

part played by the buccina in the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of the French horn see HORN . (K .