PHILIPPE See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

BENJAMIN See also:

• PHILIPPE JOSEPH BENJAMIN BUCHEZ (1796-1865)

BUCHEZ (1796-1865)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French author and politician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1796 at Matagne-la-Petite, now in See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, then in the French See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• ARDENNES

Ardennes . He finished his See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• EDUCATION

education in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and afterwards applied himself to the study of natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . In 1821 he co-operated with See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Amand See also:

• BAZARD, AMAND (1791–1832)

Bazard and others in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret association, modelled on that of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

Carbonari, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of organizing a general armed rising against the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . The organization spread rapidly and widely, and displayed itself in repeated attempts at revolution . In one of these attempts, the affair at See also:

• BELFORT
• BELFORT, TERRITOIRE
• BELFORT, TERRITORY OF

Belfort, See also:

• BUCHEZ, PHILIPPE JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1796-1865)

Buchez was gravely compromised, although the See also:

• JURY

jury which tried him did not find the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence sufficient to See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant his condemnation . In 1825 he graduated in medicine, and soon after he published with Ulisse Treat a Precis elementaire d'See also:

• HYGIENE (Fr. hygiene, from Gr. ir'taivety, to be healthy)

hygiene . About the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he became a member of the Saint-Simonian Society, presided over by Bazard, See also:

• BARTHELEMY
• BARTHELEMY, ANATOLE
• BARTHELEMY, AUGUSTE MARSEILLE (1796–1867)
• BARTHELEMY, FRANCOIS, MARQUIS DE (1747 or 1750-1830)
• BARTHELEMY, JEAN JACQUES (1716–1795)

Barthelemy Prosper See also:

• ENFANTIN, BARTHELEMY PROSPER (1796—1864)

Enfantin, and Olinde Rodrigues, and contributed to its See also:

• ORGAN

organ, the Producteur . He See also:

• LEFT

left it in consequence of aversion to the See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange religious ideas See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by its " Supreme See also:

• FATHER

Father," Enfantin, and began to elaborate what he regarded as a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• SOCIALISM

socialism . For the exposition and advocacy of his principles he founded a periodical called L'Europeen . In 1833 he published an Introduction a la science de l'histoire, which was received with considerable favour (2nd ed., improved and enlarged, 2 vols., 1842) . Notwithstanding its prolixity, this is an interesting See also:

• WORK

work . The See also:

• PART

part which treats of the aim, See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation and methods of the science of See also:

• HISTORY

history is valuable; but what is most distinctive in Buchez's theory—the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical development into four See also:

• GREAT

great epochs originated by four universal revelations, of each See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch into three periods corresponding to See also:

• DESIRE

desire, reasoning and performance, and of each of these periods into a theoretical and See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age—is merely ingenious (see See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint's See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy of History in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, i .

242-252) . Buchez next edited, along with M . Roux-Lavergne (1802–1874), the Histoire parlementaire de la Revolution frangaise (1833–1838; 40 vols.) . This vast and conscientious publication is a valuable See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store of material for the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early periods of the first French Revolution . There is a See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of it by See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle (Miscellanies), the first two parts of whose own history of the French Revolution are mainly See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from it . The editors worked under the See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of a strong admiration of the principles of See also:

• ROBESPIERRE, MAXIMILIEN FRANCOIS MARIE ISIDORE DE (175$-1794)

Robespierre and the See also:

• JACOBINS, THE

Jacobins, and in the belief that the French Revolution was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to realize See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . In the Essai d'un traite cornplet de philosophie au point de vue du Catholicisme et du progres (1839–184o) Buchez endeavoured to co-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate in a single See also:

• SYSTEM

system the See also:

• POLITICAL

political, moral, religious and natural phenomena of existence . Denying the possibility of innate ideas, he asserted that morality comes by See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation, and is therefore not only certain, but the only real certainty . It was partly owing to the reputation which he had acquired by these publications, but still more owing to his connexion with the See also:

• NATIONAL

National newspaper, and with the secret See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies hostile to the government of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe, that he was raised, by the Revolution of 1848, to the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the Constituent See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . He speedily showed that he was not possessed of the qualities needed in a situation so difficult and in days so tempestuous . He retained the position only for a very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time . After the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the assembly he was not re-elected .

Thrown back into private See also:

• LIFE

life, he resumed his studies, and added several See also:

• WORKS

works to those which have been already mentioned . A Traite de politique (published 1866), which may be considered as the completion of his Traite de philosophie, was the most important of the productions of the last See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of his life . His brochures are very numerous and on a great variety of subjects, medical, historical, political, philosophical, &c . He died on the 12th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1865 . He found a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple of considerable ability in M . A . Ott, who advocated and applied his principles in various writings . See also A . Ott, " P . B . J . Buchez," in See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal See also:

• DES

des economistes for 1865 .