See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

CHRISTIAN See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

LEOPOLD VON See also:

• BUCH
• BARON CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON BUCH (1774-1853)

BUCH (1774-1853)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German geologist and geographer, a member of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble Prussian See also:

• FAMILY

family, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Stolpe in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania on the 26th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1774 . In 1790-1793 he studied at the See also:

• MINING

mining school of See also:

• FREIBERG, or FREYBERG

Freiberg under See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, one of his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-students there being See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt . He afterwards completed his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen . His Versuch einer mineralogischen Beschreibung von See also:

• LANDECK

Landeck (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1797) was translated into See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 18o5), and into See also:

• ENGLISH

English as See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

Attempt at a Mineralogical Description of Landeck (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 181o); he also published in 1802 Entwurf einer geognostischen Beschreibung von Schlesien (Geognostische Beobachtungen auf Reisen durch Deutschland and Italien, See also:

• BAND

Band i.) . He was at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time a zealous upholder of the Neptunian theory of his illustrious See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . In 1747 he met Humboldt at See also:

• SALZBURG

Salzburg, and with him explored the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological formations of See also:

• STYRIA (German, Steiermark or Steyermark)

Styria, and the adjoining See also:

• ALPS

Alps . In the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of the following See also:

• YEAR

year, von See also:

• BUCH
• BUCH, CHRISTIAN LEOPOLD VON, BARON (1774-1853)

Buch extended his excursions into See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, where his faith in the Neptunian theory was shaken . In his previous See also:

• WORKS

works he had advocated the aqueous origin of basaltic and other formations . In 1799 he paid his first visit to See also:

• VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius, and again in 18o5 he returned to study the See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano, accompanied by Humboldt and See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

Gay Lussac . They had the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness a remarkable eruption, which supplied von Buch with data for refuting many erroneous ideas then entertained regarding volcanoes . In 1802 he had explored the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct volcanoes of See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne . The aspect of the See also:

• PUY

Puy de See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome, with its See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone of See also:

• TRACHYTE (Gr. rpaxus, rough)

trachyte and its strata of basaltic See also:

• LAVA

lava, induced him to abandon as untenable the doctrines of Werner on the formation of these rocks .

The scientific results of his investigations he embodied in his Geognostische Beobachtungen auf Reisen durch Deutschland and Italien (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1802-1809) . From the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe von . Buch repaired to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and spent two years among the Scandinavian islands, making many important observations on the See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography of See also:

• PLANTS

plants, on climatology and on See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology . He showed that many of the erratic blocks on the North German plains must have come from Scandinavia . He also established the fact that the whole of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden is slowly but continuously rising above the level of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea from Frederikshald to See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo . The details of these discoveries are given in his Reise durch Norwegen and Lappland (Berlin, 181o) . In 1815 he visited the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary Islands in See also:

• COMPANY

company with See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian botanist . His observations here convinced him that these and other islands of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic owed their existence to volcanic See also:

• ACTION

action of the most intense See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and that the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of islands in the South Sea are the remains of a pre-existing See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical description of the Canary Islands was published at Berlin in 1825, and this See also:

• WORK

work alone is regarded as an enduring See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of his labours . After leaving the Canaries von Buch proceeded to the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides and the coasts of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . Palaeontology also claimed his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, and he described in 1831 and later years a number of Cephalopods, Brachiopods and Cystidea, and pointed out their stratigraphical importance . In addition to the works already mentioned von Buch published in 1832 the magnificent Geological See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

Map of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (42 sheets, Berlin) .

His geological excursions were continued without interruption till his 78th year . Eight months before his See also:

• DEATH

death he visited the mountains of Auvergne; and on returning See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home he read a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on the See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic formation before the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Berlin . He died at Berlin on the 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1853 . Von Buch had inherited from his See also:

• FATHER

father a fortune more than sufficient for his wants . He was never married, and was unembarrassed by family ties . His excursions were always taken on See also:

• FOOT

foot, with a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff in his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the large pockets of his overcoat filled with papers and geological See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . Under this See also:

• GUISE
• GUISE, HOUSE OF

guise, the passer-by would not easily have recognized the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man whom Humboldt pronounced the greatest geologist of his time . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of his works was published at Berlin (1867-1885) .