See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)  a See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south midland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• NORTHAMPTONSHIRE

Northamptonshire, E. by See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire, Hertfordishire and See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex, S_ for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance by See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, and by See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire, and W. by See also:

• OXFORDSHIRE (or OxoN)

Oxfordshire . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 943.2 sq. m . The county is divided between the basins of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers See also:

• OUSE

Ouse and See also:

• THAMES

Thames . The first in its uppermost course forms See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western boundary, passes the towns of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham, Stony See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford, See also:

• WOLVERTON

Wolverton, See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport Pagnell and See also:

• OLNEY
• OLNEY, RICHARD (1835— )

Olney, and before quitting the county forms a short stretch of the north-eastern boundary . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tributary it receives within the county is the Ouzel . The Thames forms the entire See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundary; and of its tributaries See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire includes the upper part of the Thames . To the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Buckingham, and both See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and west of the Ouzel, the See also:

• LAND

land rises in See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle undulations to a height of nearly 500 ft., and north of the Thames valley a few nearly isolated hills stand boldly, such as See also:

• BRILL

Brill See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill and Muswell Hill, each over 600 ft., but the hilliest 1 Until 1784, when See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville, See also:

• EARL

Earl See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple, was created See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of Buckingham, the 2nd earl of Buckinghamshire always signed himself " Buckingham "; his contemporaries knew him by this name, and hence a certain amount of confusion has arisen . part of the county is the south, which is occupied by part of the Chiltem See also:

• SYSTEM

system, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general direction of which is from south-west to north-east . The See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest-See also:

• LINE

line of these hills crosses the county at its narrowest point, along a line, above the towns of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince's Risborough and See also:

• WENDOVER

Wendover, not exceeding 11 m. in length . This line divides the county into two parts of quite different See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; for to the south almost the whole land is hilly (the longer slope of the Chiltern system lying in this direction), well wooded, and pleasantly diversified with narrow vales . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these are watered by the Wye, Misbourne and See also:

• CHESS

Chess streams . The See also:

• BEECH

beech See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree is predominant in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods, in so much that See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing c .

1585, supposed the county to take name from this feature (A.S. boc, beech) . In the south a remnant of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FOREST

forest is preserved as public ground under the name of Burnham Beeches . The Chilterns reach a height of nearly 900 ft. within the county . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• HALF

half of the county is occupied by See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic strata, in the southern half Cretaceous rocks predominate except in the south-eastern corner, where they are covered by See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary beds . Thus the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest rocks are in the north, succeeded continuously by younger strata to the south ; the general See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip of all the rocks is south-easterly . A few patches of Upper See also:

• LIAS

Lias See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay appear near the northern boundary near See also:

• GRAFTON
• GRAFTON, DUKES OF
• GRAFTON, RICHARD (d. 1572)

Grafton Regis and See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe, and again in the valley of the Ouse near Stoke Geldington and See also:

• WESTON, THOMAS (1737-1776)

Weston Underwood . The Oolitic See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series is represented by the See also:

• GREAT

Great Oolite, with limestones in the upper part, much quarried for See also:

• BUILDING

building stones at See also:

• WESTBURY
• WESTBURY, RICHARD BETHELL, 1ST BARON (1800-1873)

Westbury, Thornborough, See also:

• BROCK, SIR ISAAC (1769—1812)
• BROCK, THOMAS (1847— )

Brock, Whittlewood Forest, &c.; the See also:

• LOWER

lower portions are more argillaceous . The Forest See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble is seen about See also:

• THORNTON, HENRY (1760—1815)
• THORNTON, ROBERT (1623-1678)
• THORNTON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1813-188o)

Thornton as a thin See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of clay with an See also:

• OYSTER

oyster-bearing See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone at the See also:

• BASE

base . Next above is the See also:

• CORNBRASH

Cornbrash, a series of rubbly and occasionally hard limestones and thin See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays . The outcrop runs by Tingwick, Buckingham, Berehampton and Newport Pagnell, it is quarried at Wolverton and elsewhere for road See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal. lnliers of these rocks occur at See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

Marsh See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon and Stan Hill . The See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford Clay and Kimmeridge Clay, with the See also:

• GAULT

Gault, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in the vale of See also:

• AYLESBURY

Aylesbury . The clay is covered by numerous outliers of See also:

• PORTLAND
• PORTLAND, EARL OF
• PORTLAND, ISLE OF
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM BENTINCK, EARL
• PORTLAND, WILLIAM HENRY CAVENDISH BENTINCK

Portland, Purbeck and Lower See also:

• GREENSAND

Greensand beds .

The Portland beds are sandy below, calcareous above; the outcrop follows the normal direction in the county, from south-west to north-east, from Thame through Aylesbury; they are quarried at several places for building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and fossils are abundant . The Hartwell Clay is in the Lower Portland . See also:

• FRESHWATER

Freshwater Purbeck beds lie below the Portland and Lower See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green-See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand beds; they cap the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge between Oving and See also:

• WHITCHURCH

Whitchurch . See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

Glass-making sands have been worked from the Lower Greensand at Hartwell, and phosphatic nodules from the same beds at Brickhill as well as from the Gault at Towersey . A broad See also:

• BAND

band of Gault, a bluish clay, extends from Towersey across the county in a north-easterly direction . Resting upon the Gault is the Upper Greensand; at the junction of the two formations numerous springs arise, a circumstance which has no doubt determined the site of several villages . The See also:

• CHALK

Chalk rises abruptly from the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low lying argillaceous See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Chiltern Hills . The form of the whole of the hilly See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• CHESHAM

Chesham, High See also:

• WYCOMBE (officially CHEPPING WYCOMBE, also CHIPPING or HIGH WYCOMBE)

Wycombe and the Chalfonts is determined by the Chalk . See also:

• READING

Reading beds, mottled clays and sands, repose upon the Chalk at See also:

• WOBURN

Woburn, Barnham, Fulmer and See also:

• DENHAM, DIXON (1786–1828.)
• DENHAM, SIR JOHN (1615—1669)

Denham, and these are in turn covered by the See also:

• LONDON

London Clay, which is exposed on the slopes about Stoke See also:

• COMMON

Common and Iver . Between the Tertiary-capped Chalk See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau and the Thames, a gentler slope, covered with alluvial See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel and See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, reaches down to the See also:

• RIVER

river . Thick deposits of plateau gravel See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover most of the high ground in the southern corner of the county, while much of the northern part is obscured by glacial clays and gravels . See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The agricultural capacities of the See also:

• SOIL

soil vary greatly in different localities .

On the lower lands, especially in the Vale of Aylesbury, about the headwaters of the Thame, it is extremely fertile; while on the hills it is usually poor and thin . The See also:

• PRO

pro-portion of cultivated land is high, being about 83 % of the whole . Of this a large and growing portion is in permanent pasture; See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep being reared in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers for the London markets, to which also are sent quantities of ducks, for which the district round Aylesbury is famous . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat and oats are the principal See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops, though both decrease in importance . Turnips and swedes for the cattle are the chief green crops; and See also:

• DAIRY

dairy-farming is largely practised . There is no general manufacturing See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, but a considerable amount of See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace-making and See also:

• STRAW

straw-plaiting is carried on locally; and at High Wycombe and in its neighbourhood there is a thriving See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in various articles of turnery, such as chairs and See also:

• BOWLS

bowls, from beech and other hard woods . The introduction of lace-making in this and neighbouring counties is attributed to Flemish, and later to729 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French immigrants, but also to Catharine of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon during her See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence (c . 1532) at See also:

• AMPTHILL
• AMPTHILL, ODO WILLIAM LEOPOLD RUSSELL, 1ST BARON (18'29-1884)

Ampthill . Down to the later part of the . 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century a general See also:

• HOLIDAY

holiday celebrated by lace-makers on the 25th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November was known as " Cattarn's See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

Day." Communications.—The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main line of the London & North-Western railway crosses the north-east part of the county . Bletchley is an important junction on this system, branches diverging east to Fenny Stratford, See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, and west to Oxford and See also:

• BANBURY

Banbury, Buckingham being served by the western See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch . There is also a branch from Cheddington to Aylesbury .

The See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan-Great Central See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint line serves See also:

• AMERSHAM

Amersham, Chesham (by a branch), and Aylesbury, joining the North-Western Oxford branch at See also:

• VERNEY

Verney Junction; this line is used by the Great Central railway, the main line of which continues north-westward from Quainton Road . A See also:

• LIGHT

light railway connects this station with the large See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Brill to the south-west . The Great Central and the Great Western companies jointly own a line passing through See also:

• BEACONSFIELD
• BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF

Beaconsfield, High Wycombe, and Prince's Risborough, which is connected northward with the Great Central system . Before the opening of this line in 1906 the Great Western branch from See also:

• MAIDENHEAD

Maidenhead to Oxford was the only line serving High Wycombe and Prince's Risborough, from which there are branches to Watlington and Aylesbury . The main line of this See also:

• COMPANY

company crosses the extreme south of the county by See also:

• SLOUGH

Slough and Taplow . The See also:

• GRAND

Grand Junction See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal, reaching the valley of the Ouse by way of the Ouzel valley from the south, has branches to Aylesbury and to Buckingham . Except the Thames none of the rivers in the county is continuously navigable . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the ancient county is 475,682 acres, with a population in 1891 of 185,284, and in 1901 of 195,764 . The area of the administrative county is 479,358 acres . The county contains eight hundreds, of which. three, namely Stoke, Burnham and See also:

• DESBOROUGH, JOHN (16o8-168o)

Desborough, form the " Chiltern Hundreds " (q.v.) . The See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Aylesbury retains its ancient designation of the " three hundreds of Aylesbury." The municipal boroughs are Buckingham, the county See also:

• TOWN

town (pop . 3152), and Wycombe, officially Chepping Wycombe, also Chipping or High Wycombe (15,542) .

The other See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts are Aylesbury (9243), Beaconsfield (1570), Chesham (7245), See also:

• ETON

Eton (3301), Fenny Stratford (4799), Linslade, on the Ouzel opposite to See also:

• LEIGHTON, FREDERICK LEIGHTON, BARON (183o–1896)
• LEIGHTON, ROBERT (161x—1684)

Leighton See also:

• BUZZARD

Buzzard in Bedfordshire (2157), See also:

• MARLOW (GREAT MARLOW)

Marlow (4526), Newport Pagnell (4028), Slough (11,453) . Among the lesser See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market towns may be mentioned Amersham (2674), Ivinghoe (8o8), Olney (2684), Prince's Risborough (2189), Stony Stratford (2353), Wendover (2009) and See also:

• WINSLOW, EDWARD (1595-1655)

Winslow (1703) . At Wolverton (5323) are the See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage See also:

• WORKS

works of the London & North-Western railway . Several of the villages on and near the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Thames have become centres of residence, such as Taplow, Cookham and See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne End, Burnham and Wooburn . Buckinghamshire is in the midland See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Aylesbury . It has one See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions, and is divided into thirteen See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty sessional divisions . The boroughs of Bucking-See also:

• HAM

ham and Wycombe have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . The administrative county contains 230 See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . Buckinghamshire is almost entirely within the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of Oxford, and 215 ecclesiastical parishes are situated wholly or in part within it . There are three See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, Northern or Buckingham, See also:

• MID

Mid or Aylesbury, and Southern or Wycombe, each returning one member; and the county contains a small part of the parliamentary See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough of See also:

• WINDSOR
• WINDSOR (properly NEw WINDSOR)

Windsor (chiefly in Berk-See also:

• SHIRE

shire) . The most notable institution within the county is Eton See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, the famous public school founded by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VI . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The district which was to become Buckinghamshire was reached by the West See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons in 571, as by a series of victories they pushed their way north along the Thames valley .

With the grouping of the settlements into kingdoms and the consolidation of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia under See also:

• OFFA
• OFFA (d. 796)

Offa, Buckinghamshire was included in Mercia until, with the submission of that See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom to the Northmen, it became part of the Danelaw . In the loth century Buckinghamshire suffered frequently from the ravages of the Danes, and numerous barrows and earthworks See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the scenes of struggles against the invaders., These See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics are especially abundant in the vale of Aylesbury, probably at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time one of the richest and best protected of the Saxon settlements . The Chiltern district, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, is said to have been an impassable forest infested by hordes of robbers and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild beasts . In the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor, Lcofstan, 12th See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of St Albans, cut down large tracts of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood in this district and granted the See also:

• MANOR

manor of Hamstead (Hefts) to a valiant See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight and two See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-soldiers on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that they should check the depredations of the robbers . The same See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason led at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period to the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of a steward of the Chiltern Hundreds, and this See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office being continued See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for it had ceased to exist, gradually became the See also:

• SINECURE (Lat. sine cura, without care)

sinecure it is to-day . The district was not finally disforested until the reign of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I . At the time of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman invasion Buckinghamshire was probably included in the earldom of Leofwine, son of See also:

• GODWIN, FRANCIS (1562-1633)
• GODWIN, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)
• GODWIN, WILLIAM

Godwin, and the support which it See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent him at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings was punished by sweeping confiscations after the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest . The proximity of Buckinghamshire to London caused it to be involved in most of the great See also:

• NATIONAL

national events of the ensuing centuries . During the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war between See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and his barons William Mauduit held Hanslape Castle against the king, until in 1216 it was captured and demolished by Falkes de See also:

• BREAUTE, FALKES DE (d. 1226)

Breaute . The county was visited severely by the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• DEATH

Death, and Winslow was one of many districts which were almost entirely depopulated . In the civil war Buckinghamshire was one of the first counties to join in an association for mutual See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, which had important garrisons at Aylesbury, Brill and elsewhere . Newport Pagnell was for a short time garrisoned by the royalist troops, and in 1644 the king fixed his headquarters at Buckingham .

The shire of Buckingham originated with the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of Mercia in the reign of Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder, and was probably formed by the See also:

• AGGREGATION (from the Lat. ad, to, gregare, to collect together)

aggregation of pre-existing hundreds round the county town, a fact which explains the curious irregularities of the boundary line . The eighteen hundreds of the Domesday survey have now been reduced to eight, of which the three Chiltern hundreds, Desborough, Burnham and Stoke, are unaltered in extent as well as in name . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder have been formed each by the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of three of the ancient hundreds, and Aylesbury is still designated " the three hundreds of Aylesbury." All, except Newport and Buckingham, retain the names of Domesday hundreds, and the shire has altered little on its See also:

• OUTER

outer lines since the survey . Until the time of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth Buckinghamshire and Bedfordshire had a common See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff . The shire court of the former county was held at Aylesbury . The ecclesiastical history of Buckinghamshire is not easy to trace, as there is no See also:

• LOCAL

local chronicler, but the earliest churches were probably subject to the West Saxon see of See also:

• DORCHESTER
• DORCHESTER, DUDLEY CARLETON, VISCOUNT (1573-1632)
• DORCHESTER, GUY CARLETON

Dorchester, and when after the Conquest the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop's See also:

• STOOL

stool was transferred to See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln no See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction ensued . After the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the monasteries it was proposed to form a new diocese to include Bedfordshire and Buckinghamshire, but the project was abandoned, and both remained in the Lincoln diocese until 1837, when the latter was transferred to Oxford . The See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-deaconry was probably founded towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 11th century by Bishop Remy, and the subdivision into rural deaneries followed shortly after . A See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of Thornborough is mentioned in the 12th century, and in the See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation of See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas IV. eight deaneries are given, comprising 186 parishes . In 1855 the deaneries were reconstructed and made eighteen in number . On the redistribution of estates after the Conquest only two Englishmen continued to retain estates of any importance, and the chief landowners at this date were See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• GIFFARD, GODFREY (c. 1235—1302)
• GIFFARD, WALTER (d. 1279)
• GIFFARD, WILLIAM (d. 1129)

Giffard, first earl of Buckingham, and See also:

• ODO

Odo, bishop of See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux . Few of the great Buckinghamshire estates, however, remained with the same proprietors for any length of time .

Many became annexed by religious establishments, while others reverted to the See also:

• CROWN

crown and were disposed of by various grants . The See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden alone claim to have held the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate from which the name is derived in an unbroken line from Saxon times . Buckinghamshire has always ranked as an. agricultural rather than a manufacturing county, and has long been famed for its See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn and cattle . See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller mentions the vale of Aylesbury as producing the biggest bodied sheep in England, and " Buckingham-shire See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef " is an old See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb . Lace-making, first introduced into this county by the See also:

• FLEMING, PAUL (1609-1640)
• FLEMING, RICHARD (d. 1431)
• FLEMING, SIR SANDFORD (1827- )
• FLEMING, SIR THOMAS (1S44-1613)

Fleming refugees from the See also:

• ALVA
• ALVA, or ALBA, FERNANDO ALVAREZ DE TOLEDO, DUKE OF, (1508-1583)

Alva persecution, became a very profitable industry . The monopolies of James I. considerably injured this trade, and in 1623 a See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition was addressed to the high sheriff of Buckingham-shire representing the See also:

• DISTRESS

distress of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people owing to the decay of See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone lace-making . Newport Pagnell and Olney were especially famous for their lace, and the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish of Hanslape is said to have made an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual profit of £S000 to £9000 from lace manufacture . The straw-See also:

• PLAIT (through O. Fr. pleit, from Lat. plicitum, folded, plicare, to fold)

plait industry was introduced in the reign of George I., and formerly gave employment to a large number of the population . The county was first represented in parliament by two members in 1290 . The See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation increased as the towns acquired representative rights, until in 1603 the county with its boroughs made a See also:

• TOTAL

total return of fourteen members . By the Reform See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1832 this was reduced to eleven, and by the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885 the boroughs were deprived of representation and the county returned three members for three divisions . Antiquities.—Buckinghamshire contains no ecclesiastical buildings of the first See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank .

Monastic remains are scanty, but two former abbeys may be noted . At Medmenham, on the Thames above Marlow, there are fragments, incorporated into a residence, of a Cistercian See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey founded in 1201; which became notorious in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th century as the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of a convivial See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club called the " See also:

• FRANCISCANS (otherwise called Friars Minor, or Minorites; also the Seraphic Order ; and in England Grey Friars, from the colour of the habit, which, however, is now brown rather than grey)

Franciscans " after its founder, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Dashwood, afterwards See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord le Despencer (1708-1781), and also known as the" See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell-See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

Fire Club," of which John Wilkes, Bubb Dodington and other See also:

• POLITICAL

political notorieties were members . The See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto of the club, See also:

• FAY, ANDRAS (1786–1864)

fay ce que voudras (do what you will), inscribed on a See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway at the abbey, was borrowed from See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais' description of the abbey of Thelema in Gargantua . The remains of the Augustinian Notley Abbey (1162), incorporated with a See also:

• FARM

farm-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, deserve mention rather for their picturesque situation by the river Thame than for their architectural value . Turning to churches, there is workmanship considered to be of pre-Norman date in Wing See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, in the neighbourhood of Leighton Buzzard, including a polygonal See also:

• APSE
• APSE (Gr. alkir, a fastening, especially the felloe of a wheel; Lat. absis)

apse and See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt . Stewkley church, in the same locality, shows the finest Norman See also:

• WORK

work in the county; the building is almost wholly of the later part of this period, and the ornamentation is very See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich . The Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English work of Chetwode and Haddenham churches, both in the west of the county, is noteworthy; especially in the first, which, as it stands, is the eastern part of a priory church of See also:

• AUGUSTINIANS