1ST See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

DUKE 0E1 See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

GEORGE See also:

• VILLIERS, CHARLES PELHAM (1802-1898)

VILLIERS See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• 1ST DUKE 0E1 GEORGE VILLIERS BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

BUCKINGHAM  (1592 1628), See also:

• ENGLISH

English statesman, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1592,2 was a younger son of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• VILLIERS, CHARLES PELHAM (1802-1898)

Villiers of Brooksby . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, daughter of See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont of Glenfield, See also:

• LEICESTERSHIRE

Leicestershire, who was See also:

• LEFT

left a widow See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early, educated him for a courtier's See also:

• LIFE

life, sending him to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France with Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM (1834– )
• ELIOT, GEORGE
• ELIOT, JOHN (1604-1690)
• ELIOT, SIR JOHN (1592-1632)

Eliot; and the lad, being " by nature contemplative," took kindly to the training . He could See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

dance well, fence well, and talk a little See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, when in August 1614 he was brought before the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's See also:

• NOTICE

notice, in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that he would take a See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy to him . The moment was favourable . Since See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury's See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James had taken the business of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government upon himself . But he 1 i.e. in the Villiers See also:

• LINE

line; see above . 2 The Life, by Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• WOTTON, NICHOLAS (c. 1497–1567)
• WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568–1639)
• WOTTON, WILLIAM (1666-1727)

Wotton, gives August 28th as the date of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, but, when See also:

• RELATING

relating his death on August 23rd, adds, " thus died the See also:

• GREAT

great peer in the 36th See also:

• YEAR

year of his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age compleat and three days over." August 28th was therefore probably a misprint for August loth.wanted some one who would chat with him, and amuse him, and would also fill the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of private secretary, and See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save him from the trouble of saying no to importunate suitors . It would be an additional See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction if he could See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train the youth whom he might select in those arts of statesmanship of which he believed himself to be a perfect See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . His first choice had not proved a happy one . See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Carr, who had lately become See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, had had his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head turned by his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation . He had grown peevish toward his master, and had placed himself at the head of the party which was working for a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of Villiers, beaming with See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, was therefore welcomed by all who had an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in opposing the designs of Spain, and he was appointed See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup-See also:

• BEARER

bearer the same year .

For some little See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time still Somerset's pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence was maintained . But on the 23rd of See also:

• APRIL

April 1615, Villiers, in spite of Somerset, was promoted to be See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of the bedchamber, and was knighted on the 24th; the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of murdering See also:

• OVERBURY, SIR THOMAS (1581-1613)

Overbury, brought against Somerset in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, completed his downfall, and Villiers at once stepped into the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place which he had vacated . On the 3rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1616 he became master of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, on the 24th of April he received the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Garter, and on the 27th Of August 1616 was created See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount Villiers and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Waddon, receiving a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of See also:

• LAND

land valued at £8o,000, while on the 5th of January 1617 he was made earl, and on the 1st of January 1618 See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of Bucking-See also:

• HAM

ham . With the exception of the earl of See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke he was the richest nobleman in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Those who expected him to give his support to the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish party were at first doomed to disappointment . As yet he was no politician, and he contented himself with carrying out his, master's orders, whatever they were . In his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal relations he was kindly and jovial towards all who did not thwart his wishes . But James had taught him to consider that the patronage of England was in his hands, and he took good care that no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man should receive promotion of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind who did not in one way or another pay See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to him . As far as can be ascertained, he cared less for See also:

• MONEY

money than for the gratification of his vanity . But he had not merely himself to consider . His numerous kinsfolk were to be enriched by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, if in no other way, and See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, the great philosopher and statesman, was all but thrust from office because he had opposed a marriage suggested for one of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham's See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, while Cranfield, the first financier of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, was kept from the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury till he would forsake the woman whom he loved, to marry a penniless See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin of the favourite . On the 19th of January 1619 James made him See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord high See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral of England, hoping that the ardent, energetic youth would impart something of his own See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire to those who were entrusted with the oversight of that See also:

• FLEET

fleet which had been almost ruined by the peculation and carelessness of the officials .

Something of this, no doubt, was realized under Buckingham's See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . But he himself never pretended to the virtues of an See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, and he was too ready to fill up appointments with men who flattered him, and too reluctant to dismiss them, if they served their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country See also:

• ILL

ill, to effect any permanent See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change for the better . It was about this time that he first took an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• PART

part in politics . All England was talking of the revolution in Bohemia in the year before, and men's sympathy with the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental Protestants was increased when it was known that James's son-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law had accepted the See also:

• CROWN

crown of Bohemia, and that in the summer of 1620 a Spanish force was preparing to invade the See also:

• PALATINATE (Ger. Pfalz)

Palatinate . Buckingham at first had thrown himself into the popular See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . Before the summer of 162o was at end, incensed by injuries inflicted on English sailors by the Dutch in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies, he had swung See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, and was in close agreement with See also:

• GONDOMAR, DIEGO SARMIENTO DE ACUNA, COUNT

Gondomar, the Spanish See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador . He had now married See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Katherine See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners, the daughter of the earl of See also:

• RUTLAND
• RUTLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RUTLAND, JOHN JAMES ROBERT MANNERS, 7TH DUKE OF (1818-1906)

Rutland, who was at See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, though she outwardly conformed to the English See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and this alliance may have had something to do with the change . Buckingham's mistakes were owing mainly to his levity . If he passed briskly from one See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to the other, an impartial observer might usually detect some personal See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive at the bottom . But it is hardly probable that he was himself conscious of anything of the sort . When he was in reality acting under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of vanity or See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion it was easy for him to persuade himself that he was doing his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty to his country . The See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament which met in 1621, angry at discovering that no help was to be sent to the Palatinate, See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out into a loud outcry against the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of monopolies, from which Buckingham's brothers and dependants had See also:

• DRAWN

drawn a profit, which was believed to be greater than it really was .

At first he pleaded for a See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution . But he was persuaded by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams that it would be a wiser course to put himself at the head of the movement, and at a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference of the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons with the Lords acknowledged that his two brothers had been implicated, but declared that his See also:

• FATHER

father had begotten a third who would aid in punishing them . In the See also:

• IMPEACHMENT (O. Fr. empeahement, empeschement, from em pecher or empescher, to hinder, Late Lat. impedicare, to entangle, pedica, fetter, pes, foot)

impeachment of Bacon which soon followed, Buckingham, who owed much to his See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise counsels, gave him that assistance which was possible without imperilling his own position and influence . He at first demanded the immediate dissolution of parliament, but afterwards, when the cry See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose louder against the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, joined in the attack, making however some See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to mitigate the severity of the charges against him during the See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing of his See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case before the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords . Notwithstanding, he took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of Bacon's need of assistance to wring from him the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York House . In the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1621, and the succeeding year, Buckingham was entirely in Gondomar's hands; and it was only with some difficulty that in May 1622 See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud argued him out of a See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution to declare himself a Roman Catholic . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1621 he actively supported the dissolution of parliament, and there can be little doubt that when the Spanish ambassador left England the following May, he had come to an understanding with Buckingham that the See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales should visit See also:

• MADRID

Madrid the next year, on which occasion the Spanish court hoped to effect his See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to the Roman Catholic Church before giving him the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the infanta Maria . They set out on their adventurous expedition on the 17th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1623, arriving at Madrid, after passing through See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March . Each party had been the dupe of the other . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles and Buckingham were sanguine in hoping for the restitution of the Palatinate to James's son-in-law, as a marriage See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift to Charles; while the Spaniards counted on the conversion of Charles to Roman Catholicism and other extreme concessions (see CHARLES I.) . The See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences were soon accentuated by personal disputes between Buckingham and See also:

• OLIVARES, GASPAR DE GUZMAN

Olivares and the grandees, and when the two See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men sailed together from See also:

• SANTANDER
• SANTANDER (ancient Portus Blendium or Fanum S. Andreae)

Santander in September, it was with the final resolution to break entirely with Spain . James had gratified his favourite in his See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence by raising him to a dukedom .

But the splendour which now gathered round Buckingham was owing to another source than James's favour . He had put himself at the head of the popular movement against Spain, and when James, acknowledging sorely against his will that the Palatinate could only be recovered by force, summoned the parliament which met in February 1624, Buckingham, with the help of the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir apparent, took up an independent political position . James was See also:

• HALF

half driven, half persuaded to declare all negotiations with Spain at an end . For the moment Buckingham was the most popular man in England . It was easier to overthrow one policy than to construct another . The Commons would have been content with sending some assistance to the Dutch, and with entering upon a privateering See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with Spain . James, whose See also:

• OBJECT

object was to regain the Palatinate, believed this could only be accomplished by a continental alliance, in which France took part . As soon as parliament was prorogued, negotiations were opened for a marriage between Charles and the See also:

• SISTER

sister of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIII., Henrietta Maria . But a difficulty arose . James and Charles had engaged to the Commons that there should be no concessions to the English Roman Catholics, and Louis would not hear of the marriage unless very large concessions were made . Buckingham, impatient to begin the war as soon as possible, persuaded Charles, and the two together persuaded James to throw over the promises to the Commons,and to accept the French terms . It was no longer possible to summon parliament to See also:

• VOTE

vote supplies for the war till the marriage had been completed, when remonstrances to its conditions would be useless .

Buckingham, for Buckingham was now virtually the ruler of England, had thus to commence war without money . He prepared to throw 12,000 Englishmen, under a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German adventurer, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• MANSFELD

Mansfeld, through France into the Palatinate . The French insisted that he should marcah through See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . It mattered little which way he took . Without provisions, and without money to buy them, the wretched troops sickened and died in the winter frosts . Buckingham's first military enterprise ended in disastrous failure . Buckingham had many other schemes in his teeming See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain . He had offered to send aid to See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian IV., king of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, who was proposing to make war in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and had also a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan for sending an English fleet to attack See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, the ally of Spain, and a plan for sending an English fleet to attack Spain itself . Before these schemes could be carried into operation James died on the 27th of March 1625 . The new king and Buckingham were at one in their aims and See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . Both were anxious to distinguish themselves by the chastisement of Spain, and the recovery of the Palatinate . Both were young and inexperienced .

But Charles, obstinate when his mind was made up, was sluggish in See also:

• ACTION

action and without fertility in ideas, and he had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long submitted his mind to the versatile and brilliant favourite, who was never at a loss what to do next, and who unrolled before his eyes visions of endless possibilities in the future . Buckingham was sent over to Paris to urge upon the French court the importance of converting its alliance into active co-operation . There was a difficulty in the way . The See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots of La Rochelle were in See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion, and James had promised the aid of English See also:

• SHIPS

ships to suppress that rebellion . Buckingham, who seems at first to have consented to the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme, was anxious to mediate See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace between the king of France and his subjects, and to save Charles from compromising himself with his parliament by the appearance of English ships in an attack upon Protestants . When he returned his See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main demands were refused, but hopes were given him that peace would be made with the Huguenots . On his way through France he had the insolence to make love to the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of France . Soon after his return parliament was opened . It would have been hard for Charles to pass through the session with See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit . Under Buckingham's guidance he had entered into engagements involving an enormous See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure, and these engagements involved a war on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, which had never been popular in the House of Commons . The Commons, too, suspected the marriage treaty contained engagements of which they disapproved . They asked for the full See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

• LAWS

laws against the Roman Catholics, and voted but little money in return .

Before they reassembled at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford on the 1st of August, the English ships had found their way into the hands of the French, to be used against La Rochelle . The Commons met in an ill-humour . They had no confidence in Buckingham, and they asked that persons' whom they could See also:

• TRUST

trust should be admitted to the king's See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council before they would vote a See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny . Charles stood by his See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and on the 12th of August he dissolved his first parliament . Buckingham and his master set themselves to See also:

• WORK

work to conquer public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion . On the one hand, they threw over their engagements to France on behalf of the English Roman Catholics . On the other hand they sent out a large fleet to attack See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz, and to seize the Spanish treasure-ships . Buckingham went to the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague to raise an immediate See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply by pawning the crown jewels, to place England at the head of a great See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant alliance, and to enter into fresh obligations to furnish money to the king of Denmark . It all ended in failure . The fleet returned from Cadiz, having effected nothing . The crown jewels produced but a small sum, and the money for the king of Denmark could only be raised by an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to parliament . In the meanwhile the king of France was deeply offended by the treatment of the Roman Catholics, and by the seizure of French vessels on the ground that they were engaged in carrying goods for Spain .

When Charles's second parliament met on the 6th of February 1626, it was not long before, under Eliot's guidance, it asked for Buckingham's See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment . He was impeached before the House of Lords on a long See also:

• STRING

string of charges . Many of these charges were exaggerated, and some were untrue . His real See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime was his See also:

• COMPLETE

complete failure as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . But as long as Charles refused to listen to the complaints of his minister's incompetency, the only way in which the Commons could reach him was by bringing criminal charges against him . Charles dissolved his second parliament as he had dissolved his first . Subsequently the See also:

• STAR

Star Chamber declared the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent of the charges, and on the 1st of See also:

• JUNE

June Buckingham was elected chancellor of See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge University . To find money was the great difficulty . Recourse was had to a forced See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan, and men were thrown into See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison for refusing to pay it . Disasters had occurred to Charles's See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies in Germany . The fleet sent out under Lord See also:

• WILLOUGHBY

Willoughby (earl of See also:

• LINDSEY, THEOPHILUS (1723—1808)

Lindsey) against the Spaniards returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home shattered by a See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, and a French war was impending in addition to the Spanish one . The French were roused to See also:

• REPRISALS (Fr. represailles, from reprendre; Lat. reprehendere, to take back)

reprisals by Charles's persistence in seizing French vessels .

Unwilling to leave La Rochelle open to the entrance of an English fleet, See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu laid See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to that stronghold of the French Huguenots . On the 27th of June 1627 Buckingham sailed from See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth at the head of a numerous fleet, and a considerable land force, to relieve the besieged See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . His first enterprise was the siege of the fort of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's, on the Isle of Re . The ground was hard, and the siege operations were converted into a See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade . On the 27th of September the defenders of the fort announced their readiness to surrender the next See also:

• MORNING

morning . In the See also:

• NIGHT

night a fresh See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale brought over a flotilla of French See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision boats, which dashed through the English blockading See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron . The fort was provisioned for two months more . Buckingham resolved to struggle on, and sent for reinforcements from England . Charles would gladly have answered to his See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call . But England had long since ceased to care for the war . There was no money in the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, no See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm in the nation to supply the want . Before the reinforcements could arrive the French had thrown a See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior force upon the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, and Buckingham was driven to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat on the 29th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October with heavy loss, only 2989 troops out of nearly 7000 returning to England .

His spirits were as buoyant as ever . Ill See also:

• LUCK

luck, or the misconduct of others, was the cause of his failure . He had new plans for carrying on the war . But the parliament which met on the 17th of March 1628 was resolved to exact from the king an See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation to refrain from encroaching for the future on the liberties of his subjects . In the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• BATTLE

battle, which ended in the concession of the See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

Petition of Right, Buckingham took an active See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share as a member of the House of Lords . He resisted as long as it was possible to resist the demand of the Commons, that the king should abandon his claim to imprison without showing cause . When the first unsatisfactory See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to the petition was made by the king on the 2nd of June, the Commons suspected, probably with truth, that it had been dictated by Buckingham . They prepared a remonstrance on the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the nation, and See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke at last named the duke as the cause of all the misfortunes that had occurred . " The duke of Bucks is the cause of all our miseries . . . that man is the grievance of grievances." Though on the 7th of June the king granted a satisfactory answer to the petition, the Commons proceeded with their remonstrance, and on the 11th demanded that he might no longer continue in office . Once more Charles refused to surrender Buckingham, and a few days later he prorogued parliament in anger . The popular feeling was greatly excited .

Lampoons circulated freely from hand to hand, and Dr Lambe. a See also:

• QUACK

quack See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor, who dabbled in See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology, and was believed to exercise influence over Bucking-ham, was murdered in the streets of See also:

• LONDON

London . See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

Rude doggerellines announced that the duke should share the doctor's See also:

• FATE

fate . With the clouds gathering round him, Buckingham went down to Portsmouth to take the command of one final expedition for the See also:

• RELIEF

relief of La Rochelle . For the first time even he was beginning to acknowledge that he had undertaken a task beyond his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . There was a force of inertia in the officials which resisted his efforts to See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur them on to an enterprise which they believed to be doomed to failure . He entered gladly into a scheme of pacification proposed by the Venetian ambassador . But before he could know whether there was to be peace or war, the See also:

• KNIFE (0. E. cuff, a word appearing in different forms in many Teutonic languages, cf. Du. knijf, Ger. Kneif, a shoe-maker's knife, Swed. knif; the ultimate origin is unknown; Skeat finds the origin in the root of " nip," formerly " knip "; Fr. canif is a

knife of an See also:

• ASSASSIN (properly Hashish n, from Hashish, the opiate made from the juice of hemp leaves)

assassin put an end to his career . John See also:

• FELTON, CORNELIUS CONWAY (1807-1862)
• FELTON, JOHN (c. 1595-1628)

Felton, who had served at Re, had been disappointed of promotion, and had not been paid that which was due to him for his services, read the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of the Commons that Buckingham was a public enemy, and eagerly caught at the excuse for revenging his private wrongs under See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover of those of his country . Waiting, on the morning of the 23rd of August, beside the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the See also:

• ROOM

room in which Buckingham was breakfasting, he stabbed him to the heart as he came out . Buckingham married Lady Katherine Manners, daughter of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, 6th earl of Rutland, by whom he left three sons and one daughter, of whom George, the second son (1628-1687), succeeded to the dukedom .