See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning See also:

• SACK

sack, latinized as bulga, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is derived)  , the name applied to an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the ways and means by which the income and See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure for a definite See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period are to be balanced, generally by a See also:

• FINANCE

finance See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister for his See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, or by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy for smaller bodies ? The See also:

• TERM

term first came into use in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England about 1760 . In the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer, usually in See also:

• APRIL

April, See also:

• LAYS

lays before the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons a statement of the actual results of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue and expenditure in the past finance See also:

• YEAR

year (now ending See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 31), showing how far his estimates have been realized, and what surplus or deficit there has been in the income as compared with the expenditure . This is accompanied by another statement in which the chancellor gives an estimate of what the produce of the revenue may be in the year just entered upon, supposing the taxes and duties to remain as they were in the past year, and also an estimate of what the expenditure will be in the current year . If the estimated revenue, after allowing for normal increase of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SOURCES

sources of income, be less than the estimated expenditure, this is deemed a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case for the See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of some new, or the increase of some existing, tax or taxes . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, if the estimated revenue shows a large surplus over the estimated expenditure, there is See also:

• ROOM

room for remitting or reducing some tax or taxes, and the extent of this See also:

• RELIEF

relief is generally limited to the amount of surplus realized in the previous year . The chancellor of the exchequer has to take See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament into confidence on his estimates, both as regards revenue and expenditure; and these estimates are prepared by the various departments of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . They are divided into two parts, the consolidated fund services and the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply services, the first comprising the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list, See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, See also:

• PENSIONS

pensions and courts of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, while the "supply" includes the remaining expenditure of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, as the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, the See also:

• NAVY

navy, the civil service and revenue departments, the See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office and See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph services . The consolidated fund services are an See also:

• ANNUAL

annual charge, fixed by See also:

• STATUTE

statute, and alterable only by statute, but the supply services may be gone through in detail, See also:

• ITEM (a Latin adverb meaning " also," " likewise ")

item by item, by the House of Commons, which forms itself into a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of supply for the purpose . These items can be criticized, and reduced (but not increased) by amendments proposed by private members . The committee of ways and means (also a committee of the whole House) votes the supplies when granted and originates all taxes . The resolutions of these committees are reported to the House, and when the See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation and expenditure obtain the assent of parliament, the results as thus adjusted become the final See also:

• BUDGET (originally from a Gallic word meaning sack, latinized as bulga, leather wallet or bag, thence in O. Fr. bougette, from which the Eng. form is derived)

budget estimate for the year, and are passed as the Finance See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act .

This See also:

• SYSTEM

system of annual See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review and See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment of the public finances obtains not only in the See also:

• BRITISH

British colonies, but in British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . The See also:

• INDIAN

Indian budget, giving the results of income and expenditure in the year ending 31st of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, and the prospective estimates, is laid before the imperial parliament in the course of the ensuing session . The budget, though modified by different forms, has also See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been practised in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the United States, and other constitutional countries, and has in some cases been adopted by autocratic See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

Powers . See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia began the publication of annual budgets in 1866; See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt has followed the example; so also has See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, by an imperial See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of 1875 . All countries agree in taking a yearly period, but the actual date of commencement varies considerably . The See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Danish See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial year, like that of the United Kingdom, begins on the 1st of April; in France, See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, it begins on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January; in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, the United States and See also:

• CANADA

Canada, on the 1st of See also:

• JULY

July . 2 It was a name applied also to a See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather-covered case or small See also:

• COFFER (Fr. coffee, O. Fr. cofre or cofne, Lat. cophinus, cf. " coffin ")

coffer . See also:

• COTGRAVE, RANDLE (?-1634)

Cotgrave translates bougette " a little coffer or See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk . covered with leather." It became a See also:

• COMMON

common word for a despatch See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box in which See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official papers were kept . The chancellor of the exchequer thus was said to " open his budget " when he made his annual statement . 1 See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to Dr See also:

• ARBUTHNOT, ALEXANDER (1538-1583)
• ARBUTHNOT, JOHN (1667-1735)

Arbuthnot, lines 378-379 . Previously to 1832, however, the See also:

• ENGLISH

English financial year ran from the 1st of January to the 31st of December . It may be mentioned that Disraeli introduced a budget (on which he was defeated) in the autumn of 1852; and in 186o, owing to the ratification of the commercial treaty with France, the budget was introduced on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February .

In 1859, through a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of administration, the budget was not introduced until the 18th of July, while in 188o there were two budgets, one introduced in March under Disraeli's administration, and the other in See also:

• JUNE

June, under See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone's administration . See also:

• NATIONAL

National budgets are to be discriminated (1) as budgets passing under See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny and debate from year to year, and (2) budgets emitted on executive authority . In most constitutional countries the See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure is somewhat of a mean between the extremes of the United Kingdom and the United States . In the United Kingdom the budget is placed by the executive before the whole House, without any previous examination except by the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, and it is scrutinized by the House sitting as a committee; in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of countries, however, the budget undergoes a preliminary examination by a specially selected committee, which has the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to make drastic changes in the proposals of the executive . In the United States, on the other hand, the budget practically emanates from See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress, for there is no connexion between the executive and the legislative departments . The estimates prepared by the various executive departments are submitted to the House of Representatives by the secretary of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury . With these estimates two See also:

• SEPARATE

separate committees See also:

• DEAL

deal . The committee on ways and means deals with taxation, and the committee on appropriations with expenditure . The latter committee is divided into various sub-committees, each of which brings in an See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation See also:

• BILL

bill for the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department or subject with which it is charged . There are also, in all the greater countries, See also:

• LOCAL

local and municipal taxations and expenditures of only less account than the national . In federal governments such as the United States, the German See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, or the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, the budgets of the several states of the federation have to be consulted, as well as the federal budgets, for a knowledge of the finances .