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BUHTURI [al-Walid ibn 'Ubaid Allah] (...

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Originally appearing in Volume V04, Page 762 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
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BUHTURI [al-Walid See also:ibn 'Ubaid See also:Allah] (820-897)  , Arabian poet, was See also:born at Manbij (See also:Hierapolis) in See also:Syria, between See also:Aleppo and the See also:Euphrates . Like See also:Abu Tammam, he was of the tribe of Tai . While still See also:young, he went to visit Abu Tammam at Horns, and by him was commended to the authorities at Ma'arrat un-Nu'mdn, who gave him a See also:pension of 4000 dirhems (about £90) yearly . Later he went to See also:Bagdad, where he wrote verses in praise of the See also:caliph Motawakkil and of the members of his See also:court . Although See also:long See also:resident in Bagdad he devoted much of his See also:poetry to the praise of Aleppo, and much of his love-poetry is dedicated to Alwa, a See also:maiden of that See also:city . He died at Manbij Hierapolis in 897 . His poetry was collected and edited twice in the loth See also:century, arranged in one edition alphabetically (i.e. according to the last consonant in each See also:line); in the other according to subjects . It was published in See also:Constantinople (A.D . 1883) . Like Abu Tammam he made a collection of See also:early poems, known as the Hamasa (See also:index of the poems contained in it, in the See also:Journal of the See also:German See also:Oriental Society, vol . 47, pp . 418 if., cf. vol .

45, . PP. iogo See also:

Biography in M'G. de Slane's See also:translation of See also:Ibn Khallikan's See also:Biographical See also:Dictionary (See also:Paris and See also:London, 1842), vol. iii. pp . 657 ff . ; and in the See also:Book of Songs (see ABULFARAT), vol. xviii. pp . 167-175 . (G . W . T.) BUILDERS' See also:RITES . Many See also:people See also:familiar with the ceremonies attendant on the laying of See also:foundation stones, whether ecclesiastical, masonic or otherwise, may be at a loss to See also:account for the actual origin of the See also:custom in placing within a cavity beneath the See also:stone, a few coins of the See also:realm, See also:newspapers, &c . The See also:ordinary view that by such means particulars may be found of the event on the removal of the stone hereafter, may suffice as respects latter-See also:day motives, but such memorials are deposited in the See also:hope that they will never be disturbed, and so another See also:reason must be found for such an See also:ancient survival . Whilst old customs continue, the reasons for them are ever changing, and certainly this fact applies to laying foundation stones . Originally, it appears that living victims were selected as " a See also:sacrifice to the gods," and especially to ensure the stability of the See also:building .

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Grimm' remarks "It was often thought necessary to immure live animals and even men in the foundation, on which the structure was to be raised, to secure immovable stability." There is no lack of See also:evidence as to this gruesome practice, both in See also:savage and civilized communities . " The old See also:pagan laid the foundation of his See also:house and fortress in See also:blood."' Under the walls of two See also:round towers in See also:Ireland (the only ones examined) human skeletons have been discovered . In the 15th century, the See also:wall of Holsworthy See also:church was built over a living human being, and when this became unlawful, images of living beings were substituted (Folk-See also:Lore Journal, i . 23-24) . The best succinct account of these rites is to be obtained in G . W . Speth's Builders' Rites and Ceremonies (1893) . (W . J .

End of Article: BUHTURI [al-Walid ibn 'Ubaid Allah] (820-897)
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