See also:

• BUHTURI [al-Walid ibn 'Ubaid Allah] (820-897)

BUHTURI [al-Walid See also:

• IBN

ibn 'Ubaid See also:

• ALLAH

Allah] (820-897)  , Arabian poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Manbij (See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis) in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, between See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo and the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates . Like See also:

• ABU

Abu Tammam, he was of the tribe of Tai . While still See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, he went to visit Abu Tammam at Horns, and by him was commended to the authorities at Ma'arrat un-Nu'mdn, who gave him a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of 4000 dirhems (about £90) yearly . Later he went to See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad, where he wrote verses in praise of the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph Motawakkil and of the members of his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . Although See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in Bagdad he devoted much of his See also:

• POETRY

poetry to the praise of Aleppo, and much of his love-poetry is dedicated to Alwa, a See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden of that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . He died at Manbij Hierapolis in 897 . His poetry was collected and edited twice in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, arranged in one edition alphabetically (i.e. according to the last consonant in each See also:

• LINE

line); in the other according to subjects . It was published in See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (A.D . 1883) . Like Abu Tammam he made a collection of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early poems, known as the Hamasa (See also:

• INDEX

index of the poems contained in it, in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental Society, vol . 47, pp . 418 if., cf. vol .

45, . PP. iogo See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography in M'G. de Slane's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• IBN

Ibn Khallikan's See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

Biographical See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• LONDON

London, 1842), vol. iii. pp . 657 ff . ; and in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Songs (see ABULFARAT), vol. xviii. pp . 167-175 . (G . W . T.) BUILDERS' See also:

• RITES

RITES . Many See also:

• PEOPLE

people See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the ceremonies attendant on the laying of See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation stones, whether ecclesiastical, masonic or otherwise, may be at a loss to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account for the actual origin of the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom in placing within a cavity beneath the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, a few coins of the See also:

• REALM

realm, See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, &c . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary view that by such means particulars may be found of the event on the removal of the stone hereafter, may suffice as respects latter-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day motives, but such memorials are deposited in the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope that they will never be disturbed, and so another See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason must be found for such an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient survival . Whilst old customs continue, the reasons for them are ever changing, and certainly this fact applies to laying foundation stones . Originally, it appears that living victims were selected as " a See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice to the gods," and especially to ensure the stability of the See also:

• BUILDING

building .

See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm' remarks "It was often thought necessary to immure live animals and even men in the foundation, on which the structure was to be raised, to secure immovable stability." There is no lack of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence as to this gruesome practice, both in See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage and civilized communities . " The old See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan laid the foundation of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and fortress in See also:

• BLOOD

blood."' Under the walls of two See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round towers in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland (the only ones examined) human skeletons have been discovered . In the 15th century, the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of Holsworthy See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church was built over a living human being, and when this became unlawful, images of living beings were substituted (Folk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

Lore Journal, i . 23-24) . The best succinct account of these rites is to be obtained in G . W . Speth's Builders' Rites and Ceremonies (1893) . (W . J .