BUKOVINA  , a duchy and crownland of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, bounded E. by See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia and See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania, S. by Rumania, W. by Transylvania and See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and N. by See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia . See also:

• AREA

Area, 4035 sq. m . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, especially in its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern parts, is occupied by the offshoots of the Carpathians, which attain in the Giumaleu an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 61oo ft . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal passes are the Radna Pass and the Borgo Pass . With the exception of the See also:

• DNIESTER (Tyras and Danaster or Danastris of classical authors, Nistrul of the Rumanians, and Turla of the Turks)

Dniester, which skirts its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern border, Bukovina belongs to the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube . The principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are the Pruth, and the Sereth with its affluents the See also:

• SUCZAWA (Rumanian, Suceava)

Suczawa, the Moldava and the Bistritza . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Bukovina is healthy but severe, especially in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter; but it is generally milder than that of Galicia, the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature at See also:

• CZERNOWITZ (Rum. Cernautzi)

Czernowitz being 46.9° F . No less than 43.17 % of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area is occupied by woodland, and the very name of the country is derived from the abundance of See also:

• BEECH

beech trees . Of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder 27.59 % is occupied by arable See also:

• LAND

land, 12.68% by meadows, 10.09% by pastures and o.78 % by gardens . The See also:

• SOIL

soil of Bukovina is fertile, and See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture has made See also:

• GREAT

great progress, the principal products being See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, See also:

• RYE

rye, oats, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, potatoes, See also:

• FLAX

flax and See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp . See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

Cattle-rearing constitutes another important source of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue . The principal See also:

• MINERAL

mineral is See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, which is extracted at the mine of Kaczyka, belonging to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government .

See also:

• BREWING

Brewing, distilling and miffing are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce is mostly in the hands of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and Armenians, and chiefly confined to raw products, such as agricultural produce, cattle, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool and See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . Bukovina had in 1900 a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 729,921, which is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to 181 inhabitants per sq. m . According to See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, over 40% were Ruthenians, 35% Rumanians, 13 % Jews, and the remainder was composed of Germans, Poles, Hungarians, Russians and Armenians . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-courts, and of instruction in the university is See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German . Nearly 70% of the population belong to the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Orthodox See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, and stand under the ecclesiastical See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop or See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Czernowitz . To the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church belong 11%, to the Greek See also:

• UNITED

United Church 3.25%, while 2.5% are Protestants . Elementary See also:

• EDUCATION

education is improving, but, after See also:

• DALMATIA (Ger. Dalmatien; Ital. Dalmazia; Serbo-Croatian, Dalmacija)

Dalmatia, Bukovina still shows the largest number of illiterates in Austria . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIET

diet, of which the archbishop of Czernowitz and the See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the university are members ex officio, is composed of 31 members, and Bukovina sends 14 deputies to the Reichsrat at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . For administrative purposes, the country is divided into 9 districts and an autonomous See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality, Czernowitz (pop . 69,619), the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . Other towns are Radautz (14,343), Suczawa (10,946) ,Kuczurmare (941 7) ,Kimpolung (8024) and Sereth (761o) .

Bukovina was originally a See also:

• PART

part of the principality of See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia, whose See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient capital Suczawa was situated in this See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . It was occupied by the Russians in 1769, and by the Austrians in 1774 . In 1777 the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte, under whose See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty Moldavia was, ceded this province to Austria . It was incorporated with Galicia in a single province in 1786, but was separated from it in 1849, and made a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate crownland . See Bidermann, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Bukowina unter der osterreichischenVerwaltung, 1795–1875 (See also:

• LEMBERG (Pol. Lwdw, Lat. Leopolis)

Lemberg, 1876) .