EASTERN See also:

• BULGARIA
• EASTERN BULGARIA

BULGARIA  , formerly a powerful See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom which existed from the 5th to the 15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century on the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga, in the See also:

• PRESENT

present territory of the provinces of See also:

• SAMARA

Samara, See also:

• SIMBIRSK

Simbirsk, See also:

• SARATOV

Saratov and N . See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan, perhaps extending also into See also:

• PERM

Perm . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village See also:

• BOLGARI, or BOLGARY

Bolgari near Kanzan, surrounded by numerous See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves in which most interesting archaeological finds have been made, occupies the site of one of the cities—perhaps the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital—of that See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct kingdom . The See also:

• HISTORY

history, Tarikh Bulgar, said to have been written in the 12th century by an Arabian See also:

• CADI (g¢di)

cadi of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city Bolgari, has not yet been discovered; but the Arabian historians, See also:

• IBN

Ibn Foslan, Ibn Haukal, Abul Hamid Andalusi, See also:

• ABU

Abu Abdallah Harnati, and several others, who had visited the kingdom, beginning with the loth century, have' See also:

• LEFT

left descriptions of it . The Bulgars of the Volga were of See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish origin, but may have assimilated Finnish and, later, Slavonian elements . In the 5th century they attacked the Russians in the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea prairies, and afterwards made raids upon the Greeks . In 922, when they were converted to See also:

• ISLAM

Islam, Ibn Foslan found them not quite nomadic, and already having some permanent settlements and houses in See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood . See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone houses were built soon after that by Arabian architects . Ibn Dasta found amongst them See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture besides See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle breeding . See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade with See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, as also with the See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars and the Russians, and undoubtedly with Biarmia (Urals), was, however, their See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief occupation, their See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main riches being furs, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather, See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, nuts, See also:

• WAX

wax and so on . After their See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion to Islam they began See also:

• BUILDING

building forts, several of which are mentioned in See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals . Their chief See also:

• TOWN

town, Bolgari or Velikij Gorod (See also:

• GREAT

Great Town) of the Russian annals, was often raided by the Russians .

In the 13th century it was conquerg1 by the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols, and became for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the seat of the khans: :>f.. the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• HORDE

Horde . In the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 15th century Bolgari became See also:

• PART

part of the Kazan kingdom, lost its commercial and See also:

• POLITICAL

political importance, and was annexed to See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia after the fall of Kazan . (P . A .