See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of See also:

• BOULE (Gr. 0ovXi ,, literally " will," " advice "; hence a " council ")

boule, See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball)  . The See also:

• ORIGINAL

original meaning (a " small See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball ") has, since the end of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, been narrowed down to the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the projectile used with small arms of all kinds, irrespective of its See also:

• SIZE

size or shape . (For details see See also:

• AMMUNITION

AMMUNITION; See also:

• GUN

GUN; See also:

• RIFLE

RIFLE, &C.) See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

BULL-FIGHTING, the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport . The Spanish name is tauromaquia (Gr. tapes, bull, and See also:

• AAR, or AARE

Aar), combat) . Combats with bulls were See also:

• COMMON

common in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly as well as in the amphitheatres of imperial See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, but probably partook more of the nature of worrying than fighting, like the bull-baiting formerly common in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa also possessed a sport of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and it is probable that they introduced it into See also:

• ANDALUSIA, or ANDALUCIA

Andalusia when they conquered that See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . It is certain that they held bull-fights in the See also:

• HALF

half-ruined See also:

• ROMAN

Roman amphitheatres of See also:

• MERIDA
• MERIDA (anc. Augusta Emerita, capital of Lusitania)

Merida, See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, See also:

• TARRAGONA
• TARRAGONA (anc. Tarraco)

Tarragona, See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo and other places, and that these constituted the favourite sport of the Moorish chieftains . Although patriotic tradition names the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CID, THE

Cid himself as the original Spanish bull-fighter, it is probable that the first Spaniard to kill a bull in the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena was See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Rodrigo See also:

• DIAZ, NARCISSE VIRGILIO (18(38-1876)
• DIAZ, PORFIRIO (183o– )

Diaz de Vivar, who about 1040, employing the See also:

• LANCE

lance, which remained for centuries the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief weapon used in the sport, proved himself See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower of the Moorish knights . A spirited rivalry in the See also:

• ART

art between the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and Moorish warriors resulted, in which even the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile and other Spanish princes took an ardent See also:

• INTEREST

interest . After the Moors were driven from See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II., bull-fighting continued to be the favourite sport of the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, the method of fighting being on horseback with the lance . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria it had become anindispensable See also:

• ACCESSORY

accessory of every See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• FUNCTION

function, and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. ensured his popularity with the See also:

• PEOPLE

people by killing a bull with his own lance on the birthday of his son, See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II . Philip IV. is also known to have taken a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• PART

part in bull-fights .

During this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the lance was discarded in favour of the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear (rejoncillo), and the See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour still worn by the picadores was introduced . The accession of the house of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon witnessed a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical transformation in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the bull-fight, which the aristocracy began gradually to neglect, admitting to the combats professional subordinates who, by the end of the 17th century, had become the only active participants in the bull-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring . The first great professional espada (i.e. swordsman, the chief bull-fighter, who actually kills the bull) was Francisco Romero, of See also:

• RONDA

Ronda in Andalusia (about 1700), who introduced the estoque, the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword still used to kill the bull, and the muleta, the red See also:

• FLAG (or " FLAGGE," a common Teutonic word in this sense, but apparently first recorded in English)

flag carried by the espada See also:

• GEE, THOMAS (1815—1898)

Gee below), the spear falling into See also:

• COMPLETE

complete disuse . For the past two centuries the att of bull-fighting has See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed gradually into the spectacle of to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Imitations of the Spanish bull-fights have been repeatedly introduced into See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, but the See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty of the sport has prevented its taking See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root . In See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal a kind of bull-baiting is practised, in which neither See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man nor beast is much hurt, the bulls having their horns truncated and padded and never being killed . In Spain many vain attempts have been made to abolish the sport, by Ferdinand II. himself, instigated by his wife See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, by Charles III., by Ferdinand VI., and by Charles IV.; and several popes placed its devotees under the See also:

• BAN

ban of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication with no perceptible effect upon its popularity . Before the introduction of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways there were comparatively few bull-rings (plazas de taros) in Spain, but these have largely multiplied in See also:

• RECENT

recent years, in both Spain and Spanish See also:

• AMERICA

America . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present day nearly every larger See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in Spain has its plaza de toros (about 225 altogether), built in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the Roman circuses with an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval open arena covered with See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, surrounded by a stout fence about 6 ft. high . Between this and the seats of the spectators is a narrow passage-way, where those bull-fighters who are not at the moment engaged take their stations . The plazas de taros are of all sizes, from that of See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, which holds more than 2-2,000 spectators, down to those seating only two or three thousand . Every bull-ring has its See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital for the wounded, and its See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel where the toreros (bull-fighters) receive the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist .

The bulls used for fighting are invariably of well-known lineage and are reared in special establishments (vackdas), the most celebrated of which is now that of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Veragua in Andalusia . When quite See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young they are branded with the emblems of their owners, and later are put to a test of their courage, only those that show a fighting spirit being trained further . When full grown, the See also:

• HEALTH

health, See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, See also:

• WEIGHT

weight, character of horns, and See also:

• ACTION

action in attack are all See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of the keenest observation and study . The best bulls are See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth from £40 to £6o . About 1300 bulls are killed annually in Spain . Bull-fighters proper, most of whom are Andalusians, consist of espadas (or See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat adores), banderilleros and picadores, in addition to whom there are See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of assistants (chutes), drivers and other servants . For each bull-fight two or three espadas are engaged, each providing his own See also:

• QUADRILLE

quadrille (cuadrilla), composed of several banderilleros and picadores . Six bulls are usually killed during one corrida (bull-fight), the espadas engaged taking them in turn . The espada must have passed through a trying novitiate in the art at the royal school of bull-fighting, after which he is given his alternativa, or See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence . The bull-fight begins with a See also:

• GRAND

grand entry of all the bull-fighters with alguaciles, municipal See also:

• OFFICERS

officers in ancient See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, followed, in three rows, by the espadas, banderilleros, picadores, chulos and the richly caparisoned triple See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule-team used to See also:

• DRAG (from the Old Eng. dragan, to draw; the word preserves the g which phonetically developed into w)

drag from the arena the carcasses of the slain bulls and horses . The greatest possible brilliance of costume and accoutrements is aimed at, and the picture presented is one of dazzling colour . The espadas and banderilleros See also:

• WEAR

wear short jackets and small-clothes of satin richly embroidered in See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver, with 790 See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• SILK

silk stockings and heelless shoes; the picadores (pikemen on horseback) usually wear yellow, and their legs are enclosed in See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel armour covered with See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather as a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against the horns of the bull .

The fight is divided into thrre divisions (suertes) . When the opening procession has passed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the arena the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the corrida, usually some See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, throws down to one of the alguaciles the See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key to the torn, or bull-cells . As soon as the supernumeraries have See also:

• LEFT

left the ring, and the picadores, mounted upon blindfolded horses in wretched See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, have taken their places against the barrier, the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the torn is opened, and the bull, which has been goaded into fury by the affixing to his See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder of an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PIN (a doublet with " pen " from Lat. pinna, feather, pinnacle, which is said to contain the same root as irirvs, pine tree, and properly to mean a sharp point or end)

pin with streamers of the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours of his breeder attached, enters the ring . Then begins the suerte de picar, or See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of lancing . The bull at once attacks the mounted picadores, ripping up and wounding the horses, often to the point of complete disembowelment . As the bull attacks the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, the picador, who is armed with a short-pointed, stout See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike (garrocha), thrusts this into the bull's back with all his force, with the usual result that the bull turns its See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to another picador . Not infrequently, however, the See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush of the bull and the See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow dealt to the horse is of such force as to overthrow both See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and rider, but the latter is usually rescued from danger by the chulos and banderilleros, who, by means of their red cloaks (capas), divert the bull from the fallen picador, who either escapes from the ring or mounts a fresh horse . The number of horses killed in this manner is one of the chief features of the fight, a bull's prowess being reckoned accordingly . About 6000 horses are killed every See also:

• YEAR

year in Spain . At the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of a See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet the picadores retire from the ring, the dead horses are dragged out, and the second division of the fight, the suerte de banderillear, or planting the darts, begins . The. banderillas are barbed darts about 18 in. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, ornamented with coloured See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, one being held in each See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the bull-fighter, who, See also:

• STANDING

standing 20 or 30 yds. from the bull, draws its attention to him by means of violent gestures . As the bull charges, the banderillero steps towards him, dexterously See also:

• PLANTS

plants both darts in the beast's See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, and draws aside in the nick of time to avoid its horns .

Four pairs of banderillas are planted in this way, rendering the bull mad with rage and See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . Should the animal prove of a cowardly nature and refuse to attack repeatedly, banderillas de fuego (See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire) are used . These are furnished with fulminating crackers, which explode with terrific See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise as the bull careers about the ring . During this division numerous manoeuvres are sometimes indulged in for the purpose of tiring the bull out, such as leaping between his horns, vaulting over his back with the garrocha as he charges, and inviting ffis rushes by means of elaborate flauntings of the cloak (floreos, flourishes) . Another trumpet-See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call gives the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for the final division of the fight, the suerte de matdr (killing) . This is carried out by the espada alone, his assistants being present only in the case of emergency or to get the bull back to the proper part of the ring, should he See also:

• BOLT

bolt to a distance . The espada, taking his stand before the See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box of the president, holds aloft in his left hand sword and muleta and in his right his See also:

• HAT

hat, and in set phrases formally dedicates (brinde) the See also:

• DEATH

death of the bull to the president or some other personage of rank, See also:

• FINISHING

finishing by tossing his hat behind his back and proceeding bareheaded to the See also:

• WORK

work of killing the bull . This is a See also:

• PROCESS

process accompanied by much formality . The espada., armed with the estoque, a sword with a heavy See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat blade, brings the bull into the proper position by means of passes with the muleta, a small red silk flag mounted on a short See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and then essays to kill him with a single thrust, delivered through the back of the neck See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the head and downward into the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . This stroke is a most difficult one, requiring long practice as,well as great natural dexterity, and very frequently fails of its See also:

• OBJECT

object, the killing of the bull often requiring repeated thrusts . The stroke (estocada) is usually given k valapie (half See also:

• RUNNING

running), the espada delivering the thrust while stepping forward, the bull usually standing still . Another method is recihiendo (receiving), the espada receiving the onset of the bull upon the point of his sword .

Should the bull need a coup de See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace, it is given by achulo, called puntillero, with a See also:

• DAGGER

dagger which pierces the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal marrow . The dead beast is then dragged out of the ring by the triple mule-team, while the espada makes a tour of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, being acclaimed, in the case off favourite, with the most extravagant See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm . The ring is then raked over, a second bull is introduced, and the spectacle begins anew . Upon great occasions, such as a See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation, a corrida in the ancient See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is given by amateurs, who are clad in gala costumes without armour of any kind, and mounted upon steeds of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good breed and condition . They are, armed with See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp lances, with which they See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay to kill the bull while protecting themselves and their steeds from his horns . As the bulls in these encounters have not been weakened by many wounds and tired out by much running, the performances of the gentlemen fighters are remarkable for See also:

• PLUCK

pluck and dexterity . See See also:

• MORATIN, LEANDRO ANTONIO EULOGIO MELITUN FERNANDEZ DE (176o-1828)
• MORATIN, NICOLAS FERNANDEZ DE (1737-1780)

Moratin, See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen y Progeso de See also:

• LAS

las Fiestas de Toros; Bedoya's Historia del Toreo; J . S . Lozano, See also:

• MANUAL

Manual de Tauromaquia (See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville, 1882) ; A . See also:

• CHAPMAN (from O. Eng. ceap, and Mid. Eng. ,heap, to barter, cf. " Cheapside " in London, and Ger. Kaufmann)
• CHAPMAN, GEORGE (? 1559–1634)

Chapman and W . T . See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

Buck, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild Spain (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1893) .