See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT WILHELM VON See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• ROBERT WILHELM VON BUNSEN (1811-1899)

BUNSEN (1811-1899)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1811, his See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• BUNSEN, CHRISTIAN CHARLES JOSIAS, BARON VON (1791-186o,)
• BUNSEN, ROBERT WILHELM VON (1811-1899)

Bunsen, being See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief librarian and See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PHILOLOGY

philology at the university . He himself entered the university in 1828, and in 1834 became Privat-docent . In 1836 he became teacher of See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry at the See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

Polytechnic School of See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel, and in 1839 took up the See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment of professor of chemistry at See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, where he remained till 1851 . In 1852, after a brief See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, he was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of chemistry at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, where he spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life, in spite of an urgent invitation to migrate to See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin as successor to E . See also:

• MITSCHERLICH, EILHARDT (1794–1863)

Mitscherlich . He retired from active See also:

• WORK

work in 1889, and died at Heidelberg on the 16th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1899 . The first re-See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search by which See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was See also:

• DRAWN

drawn to Bunsen's abilities was concerned with the cacodyl compounds (see See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

ARSENIC), though he had already, in 1834, discovered the virtues of freshly precipitated hydrated ferric See also:

• OXIDE

oxide as an antidote to arsenical poisoning . It was begun in 1837 at Cassel, and during the six years he spent upon it he not only lost the sight of one See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye through an See also:

• EXPLOSION

explosion, but nearly killed himself by arsenical poisoning . It represents almost his only excursion into organic chemistry, and apart from its accuracy and completeness it is of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the development of that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science as being the forerunner of the fruitful investigations on the organo-metallic compounds subsequently carried out by his See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FRANKLAND, SIR EDWARD (1825-1899)

Frankland . Simultaneously with his work on cacodyl, he was studying the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the gases given off from blast furnaces . He showed that in German furnaces nearly See also:

• HALF

half the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat yielded by the See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel was being allowed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape with the See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste gases, and when he came to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, and in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon See also:

• PLAYFAIR, JOHN (1748-1819)
• PLAYFAIR, LYON PLAYFAIR

Playfair investigated the conditions obtaining in English furnaces, he found the waste to amount to over 8o% . These researches marked a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the application of scientific principles to the manufacture of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, and they led also to the elaboration of Bunsen's famous methods of measuring gaseous volumes, &c., which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the subject of the only See also:

• BOOK

book he ever published (Gasometrische Method en, 1857) .

In 1841 he invented the See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon-See also:

• ZINC

zinc electric See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell which is known by his name, and which conducted him to several important achievements . He first employed it to produce the electric arc, and showed that from 44 cells a See also:

• LIGHT

light equal to 11713 candles could be obtained with the See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption of one See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound of zinc per See also:

• HOUR

hour . To measure this light he designed in 1844 another See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument, which in various modifications has come into extensive use—the grease-spot photometer . In 1852 he began to carry out electrolytical decompositions by the aid of the See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery . By means of a very ingenious arrangement he obtained See also:

• MAGNESIUM [symbol Mg, atomic weight 24.32 (0 = 16)]

magnesium for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the metallic See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and studied its chemical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical properties, among other things demonstrating the brilliance and high actinic qualities of the See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame it gives when burnt in See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . From 1855 to 1863 he published with See also:

• ROSCOE, WILLIAM (1753—1831)

Roscoe a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of investigations on photochemical measurements, which W . Ostwald has called the " classical example for all future researches in physical chemistry." Perhaps the best known of the contrivances which the See also:

• WORLD

world owes to him is the " Bunsen burner " which he devised in 1855 when a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple means of burning See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• COAL

coal See also:

• GAS

gas with a hot smokeless flame was required for the new laboratory at Heidelberg . Other appliances invented by him were the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-calorimeter (187o), the vapour Iv . 26VON -See also:

• BUNTER

BUNTER 8 o r calorimeter (1887), and the See also:

• FILTER (a word common in various forms to most European languages, adapted from the medieval Lat. fi-ltrum, felt, a material used as a filtering agent)

filter See also:

• PUMP

pump (1868), which was worked out in the course of a See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research on the separatidn of the See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum metals . Mention must also be made of another piece of work of a rather different See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Travelling was one of his favourite relaxations, and in 1846 he paid a visit to See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland . There he investigated the phenomena of the geysers, the composition of the gases coming off from the fumaroles, their See also:

• ACTION

action on the rocks with which they .came into contact, &c., and on his observations was founded a noteworthy contribution to See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological theory .

But the most far-reaching of his achievements was the elaboration, about 1859, jointly with G . R . See also:

• KIRCHHOFF, GUSTAV ROBERT (1824-1887)
• KIRCHHOFF, JOHANN WILHELM ADOLF (1826-1908)

Kirchhoff, of spectrum See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis, which has put a new weapon of extra-ordinary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power into the hands both of chemists and astronomers . It led Bunsen himself almost immediately to the See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation of two new elements of the See also:

• ALKALI

alkali See also:

• GROUP

group, See also:

• CAESIUM (symbol Cs, atomic weight 132.9)

caesium and See also:

• RUBIDIUM [symbol Rb, atomic weight 85.45 (0=16)]

rubidium . Having noticed some unknown lines in the spectra of certain salts he was examining, he set to work to obtain the substance or substances to which these were due . To this end he evaporated large quantities of the See also:

• DURKHEIM

Durkheim See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WATER

water, and it says much both for his perseverance and See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of manipulation that he dealt with 40 tons of the water to get about 17 grammes of the mixed chlorides of the two substances, and that with about one-third of that quantity of caesium chloride was able to prepare the most important compounds of the See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element and determine their characteristics, even making goniometrical measurements of their crystals . Bunsen founded no school of chemistry; that is to say, no See also:

• BODY

body of chemical See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine is associated with his name . Indeed, he took little or no See also:

• PART

part in discussions of points of theory, and, although he was conversant with the trend of the chemical thought of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, he preferred to spend his energies in the collection of experimental data . One fact, he used to say,properly proved is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth all the theories that can be invented . But as a teacher of chemistry he was almost without See also:

• RIVAL

rival, and his success is sufficiently attested by the scores of pupils who flocked from every part of the globe to study under him, and by the number of those pupils who afterwards made their See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in the chemical world . The See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of this success See also:

• LAY

lay largely in the fact that he never delegated his work to assistants, but was constantly See also:

• PRESENT

present with his pupils in the laboratory, assisting each with See also:

• PERSONAL

personal direction and See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice . He was also one of the first to appreciate the value of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical work to the student, and he instituted a See also:

• REGULAR

regular practical course at Marburg so far back as 184o .

Though alive to the importance of applied science, he considered truth alone to be the end of scientific research, and the example he set his pupils was one of single-hearted devotion to the See also:

• ADVANCEMENT

advancement of knowledge . See See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Roscoe's " Bunsen Memorial Lecture," Trans . Chem . See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1900, which is reprinted (in German) with other obituary notices in an edition of Bunsen's collected See also:

• WORKS

works published by Ostwald and Bodenstein in 3 vols. at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig in 1904 .