See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• JOHN BUNYAN (1628-1688)

BUNYAN (1628-1688)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English religious writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Elstow, about a mile from See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford, in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1628 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• BUNYAN, JOHN (1628-1688)

Bunyan,' was a See also:

• TINKER

tinker, or, as he described himself, a " brasier." The tinkers then formed a hereditary See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste, which, was held in no high estimation . Bunyan's father had a fixed See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, and was able to send his son to a See also:

• VILLAGE

village school where See also:

• READING

reading and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing were taught . The years of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's boyhood were those during which the Puritan spirit was in the highest vigour all over See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; and nowhere had that spirit more See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence than in See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire . It is not wonderful, therefore, that a lad to whom nature had given a powerful See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination and sensibility which amounted to a disease, should have been See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early haunted by religious terrors . Before he was ten his See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

sports were interrupted by fits of remorse and despair; and his See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep was disturbed by dreams of fiends trying to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly away with him . As he See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew older his See also:

• MENTAL

mental conflicts became still more violent . The strong See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language in which he described them strangely misled all his earlier biographers except See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey . It was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary practice with pious writers to cite Bunyan as an instance of the super-natural See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of divine See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace to See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue the human soul from the lowest depths of wickedness . He is called in one See also:

• BOOK

book the most notorious of profligates; in another, the See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

brand plucked from the burning . Many excellent persons, whose moral See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character from boyhood to old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age has been See also:

• FREE

free from any stain discernible to their See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-creatures, have, in their autobiographies and diaries, applied to themselves, and doubtless with sincerity, epithets as severe as could be applied to See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus See also:

• OATES, TITUS (1649-1705)

Oates or Mrs Brownrigg . It is quite certain that See also:

• BANYAN, or BANIAN (an Arab corruption, borrowed by the Portuguese from the Sanskrit vanij, " merchant ")

Banyan was, at eighteen, what, in any but the most austerely puritanical circles, would have been considered as a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of singular gravity and innocence .

Indeed, it may be remarked that he, like many other penitents who, in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general terms, acknowledge themselves to have been the worst of mankind, fired up, and stood vigorously on his See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, whenever any particular See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge was brought against him by others . He declares, it is true, that he had let loose the reins on the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck of his lusts, that he had delighted in all transgressions against the divine See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and that he had been the ringleader of the youth of Elstow in all manner of See also:

• VICE

vice . But when those who wished him See also:

• ILL

ill accused him of licentious amours, he called on See also:

• GOD

God and the angels to attest his purity . No woman, he said, in See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth or See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, could charge him with having ever made any improper advances to her . Not only had he been strictly faithful to his wife; but he had, even before his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, been perfectly spotless . It does not appear from his own confessions, or from the railings of his enemies, that he ever was drunk in his See also:

• LIFE

life . One See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit he contracted, that of using profane language; but he tells us that a single reproof cured him so effectually that he never offended again . The worst that can be laid to his charge is that he had a See also:

• GREAT

great liking for some diversions, quite harmless in themselves, but condemned by the rigid precisians among whom he lived, and for whose See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion he had a great respect . The four See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief sins of which he was guilty were dancing, ringing the bells of the See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, playing at tipcat and reading the See also:

• HISTORY

history of See also:

• SIR

Sir Bevis of See also:

• SOUTHAMPTON
• SOUTHAMPTON, EARL OF
• SOUTHAMPTON, HENRY WRIOTHESLEY, 3RD EARL OF (1J73—1624)

Southampton . A See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of the school of See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud would have held such a young man up to the whole parish as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . But Bunyan's notions of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and evil had been learned in a very different school; and he was made miserable by the conflict between his tastes and his scruples . When he was about seventeen the ordinary course of his life was interrupted by an event which gave a lasting See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour to his thoughts .

He enlisted in the See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

Parliamentary See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army,' and served ' The name, in various forms as Buignon, Buniun, Bonyon or Binyan, appears in the See also:

• LOCAL

local records of Elstow and the neighbouring parishes at intervals from as far back as 1199 . They were small freeholders, but all the See also:

• PROPERTY

property except the cottage had been lost in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Bunyan's grandfather . Bunyan's own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his See also:

• FAMILY

family as the " meanest and most despised of all the families of the See also:

• LAND

land must be put down to his habitual self-depreciation . Thomas Bunyan had a forge and workshop at Elstow . 2 There is no See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show on which See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side he fought, but the See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability justifies 64 view.during the decisive See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1645 . All that we know of his military career is, that, at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of some See also:

• TOWN

town,' one of his comrades, who had marched with the besieging army instead of him, was killed by a shot . Bunyan ever after considered himself as having been saved from See also:

• DEATH

death by the See also:

• SPECIAL

special interference of See also:

• PROVIDENCE

Providence . It may be observed that his imagination was strongly impressed by the glimpse which he had caught of the pomp of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . To the last he loved to draw his illustrations of sacred things from camps and fortresses, from guns, drums, trumpets, flags of truce, and regiments arrayed each under its own banner . His Greatheart, his See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Boanerges and his Captain See also:

• CREDENCE, or CREDENCE TABLE

Credence are evidently portraits, of which the originals were among those See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints who fought and expounded in See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax's army . In 1646 Bunyan returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and married about two years later . His wife had some pious relations, and brought him as her only portion some pious books .

His mind, excitable by nature, very imperfectly disciplined by See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and exposed to the See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm which was then epidemic in England, began to be fearfully disordered . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the struggle is told in Bunyan's Grace Abounding . In outward things he soon became a strict Pharisee . He was See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant in attendance at prayers and sermons . His favourite amusements were, one after another, relinquished, though not without many painful struggles . In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a See also:

• GAME

game at tipcat he paused, and stood staring wildly upwards with his stick in his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . He had heard a See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice asking him whether he would leave his sins and go to heaven, or keep his sins and go to hell; and he had seen an awful countenance frowning on him from the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky . The odious vice of See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell-ringing he renounced; but he still for a time ventured to go to the church See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower and look on while others pulled the See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes . But soon the thought struck him that, if he persisted in such wickedness, the See also:

• STEEPLE (akin to " steep")

steeple would fall on his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; and he fled in terror from the accursed See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . To give up dancing on the village See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green was still harder; and some months elapsed before he had the fortitude to See also:

• PART

part with his See also:

• DARLING
• DARLING, GRACE HORSLEY (1815-1842)

darling See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin . When this last See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice had been made, he was, even when tried by the See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims of that austere time, faultless . All Elstow talked of him as an eminently pious youth .

But his own mind was more unquiet than ever . Having nothing more to do in the way of visible See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation, yet finding in See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion no pleasures to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the place of the juvenile amusements which he had relinquished, he began to apprehend that he See also:

• LAY

lay under some special malediction; and he was tormented by a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of fantasies which seemed likely to drive him to See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide or to See also:

• BEDLAM, or BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL

Bedlam . At one time he took it into his head that all persons of Israelite See also:

• BLOOD

blood would be saved, and tried to make out that he partook of that blood; but his hopes were speedily destroyed by his father, who seems to have had no ambition to be regarded as a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew . At another time Bunyan was disturbed by a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange See also:

• DILEMMA (Gr. &Xuµua, a double proposition, from bi- and aµ(36.vetv)

dilemma: " If I have not faith, I am lost; if I have faith, I can See also:

• WORK

work miracles." He was tempted to cry to the puddles between Elstow and Bedford, " Be ye dry," and to stake his eternal hopes on the event . Then he took up a notion that the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of grace for Bedford and the neighbouring_ villages was past; that all who were to be saved in that part of England were already converted; and that he had begun to pray and strive some months too See also:

• LATE

late . Then he was harassed by doubts whether the See also:

• TURKS

Turks were not in the right and the Christians in the wrong . Then he was troubled by a maniacal impulse which prompted him to pray to the trees, to a broomstick, to the parish See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull . As yet, however, he was only entering the valley of the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of death . Soon the darkness grew thicker . Hideous forms floated before him . Sounds of cursing and wailing were in his ears . His way ran through stench and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the mouth of the bottomless See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit .

He began to be haunted by a strange curiosity about the unpardonable sin, and by a morbid longing to commit it . But the most frightful of all the forms which 3 There is no means of identifying the place besieged . It has been assumed to be See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, which was captured by the Royalists in May 1645, and recovered by Fairfax in the next See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month . his disease took was a propensity to utter See also:

• BLASPHEMY (through the Fr. from Gr. PXaa4o ta, profane language, slander, probably derived from root of )3X

blasphemy; and especially to renounce his See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the benefits of the redemption . See also:

• NIGHT

Night and day, in See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed, at table, at work, evil See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, as he imagined, were repeating close to his See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear the words, " Sell him, sell him." He struck at the hobgoblins; he pushed them from him; but still they were ever at his side . He cried out in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to them, See also:

• HOUR

hour after hour, " Never, never; not for thousands of worlds; not for thousands." At length, worn out by this long agony, he suffered the fatal words to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape him, "Let him go if he will." Then his misery became more fearful than ever . He had done what could not be forgiven . He had forfeited his part of the great sacrifice . Like See also:

• ESAU

Esau, he had sold his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth-right; and there was no longer any place for repentance . " None," he afterwards wrote, "knows the terrors of those days but myself." He has described his sufferings with singular See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, simplicity and pathos . He envied the brutes; he envied the very stones on the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, and the tiles on the houses . The See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun seemed to withhold its See also:

• LIGHT

light and warmth from him .

His See also:

• BODY

body, though See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast in a sturdy See also:

• MOULD

mould, and though scill in the highest vigour of youth, trembled whole days together with the fear of death and See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . He fancied that this trembling was the sign set on the worst reprobates, the sign which God had put on See also:

• CAIN

Cain . The unhappy man's emotion destroyed his power of digestion . He had such pains that he expected to burst asunder like Judas, whom he regarded as his prototype . Neither the books which Bunyan read, nor the advisers whom he consulted, were likely to do much good in a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case like his . His small library had received a most unseasonable addition, the account of the lamentable end of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis Spira . One See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient man of high repute for piety, whom the sufferer consulted, gave an opinion which might well have produced fatal consequences . " I am afraid," said Bunyan, " that I have committed the sin against the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost." "Indeed," said the old fanatic, "I am afraid that you have . At length the clouds See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke ; the light became clearer and clearer; and the enthusiast who had imagined that he was branded with the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark of the first murderer, and destined to the end of the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-traitor, enjoyed See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and a cheerful confidence in the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of God . Years elapsed, however, before his nerves, which had been so perilously overstrained, recovered their See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone . When he had joined a Baptist society at Bedford, and was for the first time admitted to partake of the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

eucharist, it was with difficulty that he could refrain from imprecating destruction on his brethren while the See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup was passing from hand to hand . After he had been some time a member of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation he began to preach; and his sermons produced a powerful effect .

He was indeed illiterate; but he spoke to illiterate men . The severe training through which he had passed had given him such an experimental knowledge of all the modes of religious See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy as he could never have gathered from books; and his vigorous See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius, animated by a fervent spirit of devotion, enabled him not only to exercise a great influence over the vulgar, but even to extort the See also:

• HALF

half-contemptuous admiration of scholars . Yet it was long before he ceased to be tormented by an impulse which urged him to utter words of horrible impiety in the pulpits Bunyan was finally relieved from the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal: sufferings which had embittered his life by See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp persecution from without . He had been five years a preacher when the Restoration put it in the power of the See also:

• CAVALIER
• CAVALIER, JEAN (1681-1740)

Cavalier gentlemen and clergymen all over the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to oppress the dissenters . In November r66o he was flung into Bedford See also:

• GAOL, or JAIL

gaol; and there he remained, with some intervals of partial and See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, during twelve years . r Bunyan had joined, in 1653, the See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

nonconformist community which met under a certain Mr See also:

• GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN (184o—19o5)
• GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON (1823–188o)
• GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826)

Gifford at St John's church, Bedford . This congregation was not Baptist; properly so called, as the question of See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism, with other doctrinal points, was See also:

• LEFT

left open .. When Bunyan removed to Bedford in 1655, he became a See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon of this church, and two years later he was formally recognized as a preacher, his fame soon spreading through the neighbouring counties . His wife died soon after their removal to Bedford, and he also lost his friend and pastor, Mr Gifford . His earliest work was directed against Quaker See also:

• MYSTICISM (from Or. µuety, to shut the eyes; µuorrts, one initiated into the mysteries)

mysticism and appeared in 1656 . It was entitled Some See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel Truths Opened; it was followed in the same See also:

• YEAR

year by a second See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract in the same sense, A Vindication of Gospel Truths . The authorities tried to extort from him a promise that he would abstain from See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching; but he was convinced that he was divinely set apart and commissioned to be a teacher of righteousness, and he was fully determined to obey God rather than man .

He was brought before several tribunals, laughed at, caressed, reviled, menaced, but in vain . He was facetiously told that he was quite right in thinking that he ought not to hide his See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift; but that his real gift was skill in repairing old kettles . He was compared to 'See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the coppersmith . He was told that if he would give up preaching he should be instantly liberated . He was warned that if he persisted in disobeying the law he would be liable to banishment, and that if he were found in England after a certain time his neck would be stretched . His answer was, " If you let me out to-day, I will preach again to-morrow." Year after year he lay patiently in a See also:

• DUNGEON

dungeon, compared with which the worst See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison now to be found in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island is a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace.' His fortitude is the more extraordinary because his domestic feelings were unusually strong . Indeed, he was considered by his stern brethren as somewhat too fond and indulgent a See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent . He had four small See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and among them a daughter who was See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind, and whom he loved with See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar tenderness . He could not, he said, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear even to let the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow on her; and now she must suffer See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and See also:

• HUNGER

hunger; she must beg; she must be beaten; yet," he added, " I must, I must do it." His second wife, whom he had married just before his See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, tried in vain for his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release; she even petitioned the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Lords on his behalf . While he lay in prison he could do nothing in the way of his old See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade for the support of his family . He determined, therefore, to take up a new trade . He learned to make long-tagged See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread laces; and many thousands of these articles were furnished by him to the See also:

• HAWKERS

hawkers .

While his hands were thus busied he had other employments for his mind and his lips . He gave religious instruction to his fellow-captives, and formed from among them a little See also:

• FLOCK

flock, of which he was himself the pastor . He studied indefatigably the few books which he possessed . His two chief companions were the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible and See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox's Book of Martyrs . His knowledge of the Bible was such that he might have been called a living See also:

• CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, harmony, from cum, with, and car, heart)

concordance; and on the margin of his copy of the Book of Martyrs are still legible the ill-spelt lines of doggerel in which he expressed his reverence for the brave sufferers, and his implacable enmity to the mystical See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon . Prison life gave him leisure to write, and during' his first imprisonment he wrote, in addition to several tracts and some See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, the narrative of his own religious experience . The book was published in 1666 . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of freedom was followed by a second offence and a further imprisonment . Bunyan's See also:

• WORKS

works were coarse, indeed, but they showed a keen See also:

• MOTHER

mother wit, a great command of the homely mother See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, an intimate knowledge of the English Bible, and a vast and dearly bought spiritual experience . They therefore, when the corrector of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press had improved the syntax and the spelling, were well received . Much of Bunyan's time was spent in controversy: He wrote sharply against the See also:

• QUAKERS

Quakers, whom he seems always to have held in utter abhorrence . He wrote against the See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy of the Church of England .

No two things, according to him, had' less See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity than the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer and the spirit' of prayer . Those, he said with much point, who have most ' of the spirit of prayer are all to be found in gaol; and those who have most zeal for the form of prayer are all to be found at the alehouse . The doctrinal Articles, on the other hand, he warmly praised and defended . The most acrimonious of all his works is his Defence of Justificalion by Faith, an answer to what Bunyan calls " the brutish and beastly latitudinarianism " of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, afterwards See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester, an excellent man, but not free from the taint of Pelagianism . Bunyan had also a dispute with some of the chiefs of the See also:

• SECT

sect to which he belonged . He doubtless held with perfect sincerity 2 He was not, however, as has often been stated, confined in the old gaol which stood on the See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the See also:

• OUSE

Ouse; but in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county gaol . the distinguishing tenet of that sect, but he did not consider that tenet as one of high importance, and willingly joined in communion with pious Presbyterians and See also:

• INDEPENDENTS

Independents . The sterner See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists, therefore, loudly pronounced him a false See also:

• BROTHER

brother . A controversy arose which long survived the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original combatants . The cause which Bunyan had defended with See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic and See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric against Kiffin and See also:

• DANVERS

Danvers has since been pleaded by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall with an ingenuity and eloquence such as no polemical writer has ever surpassed . During the years which immediately followed the Restoration, Bunyan's confinement seems to have been strict . But as the passions of 166o cooled, as the hatred with which the Puritans had been regarded while their reign was See also:

• RECENT

recent gave place to pity, he was less and less harshly treated .

The See also:

• DISTRESS

distress of his family, and his own See also:

• PATIENCE

patience, courage and piety, softened the See also:

• HEARTS

hearts of his See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges . Like his own See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian in the cage, he found protectors even among the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd at Vanity See also:

• FAIR

Fair . The bishop of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese, Dr See also:

• BARLOW, JOEL (1754-1812)
• BARLOW, PETER (1776-1862)
• BARLOW, SIR GEORGE HILARO (1762-1847)

Barlow, is said to have interceded for him . At length the prisoner was suffered to pass most of his time beyond the walls of the gaol, on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, as it should seem, that he remained within the town of Bedford . He owed his See also:

• COMPLETE

complete liberation to one of the worst acts of one of the worst governments that England has ever seen . In 1671 the See also:

• CABAL (through the Fr. cabale from the Cabbala or Kabbalah, the theosophical interpretation of the Hebrew scriptures)

Cabal was in power . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II. had concluded the treaty by which he See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound himself to set up the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic religion in England . The first step which he took towards that end was to annul, by an unconstitutional exercise of his See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative, all the penal statutes against the Roman Catholics; and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to disguise his real See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, he annulled at the same time the penal statutes against See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant nonconformists . Bunyan was consequently set at large.i In the first warmth of his gratitude he published a tract, in which he compared Charles to that humane and generous See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, who, though not himself blest with the. light of the true religion, favoured the chosen See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and,permitted them, after years of captivity, to rebuild their beloved See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple . Before he left his prison he had begun the book which has made his name immortal.2 The history of that book is remark-able . The author was, as he tells us, writing a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, in which he had occasion to speak of the stages of the Christian progress . He compared that progress, as many others had compared it, to a pilgriinage .

Soon his See also:

• QUICK

quick wit discovered innumerable points of similarity which had escaped his predecessors . Images came'crowding on his mind faster than he could put them into words, quagmires and pits, steep hills, dark and horrible glens, soft vales, sunny pastures; a gloomy See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle, of which the courtyard was strewn with the skulls and bones of murdered prisoners, a town all bustle and splendour, like See also:

• LONDON

London on the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor's Day, and the narrow path, straight as a See also:

• RULE

rule could make it, See also:

• RUNNING

running on up See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill and down hill, through See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and through See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness, to the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• RIVER

River and the Shining See also:

• GATE

Gate . He had found out, as most people would have said, by See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident, as he would doubtless have said, by the guidance of Providence, where his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers lay . He had no suspicion, indeed, that he was producing a masterpiece He could not guess what place his See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory would occupy in English literature; for of English literature he knew nothing . Those who suppose him to have studied the Faery See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen might easily be confuted, if this were the proper place for a detailed examination of the passages in which the two allegories have been thought to resemble each other . The only work of fiction, in all probability, with which he could compare his See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim was his old favourite, the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of Sir Bevis of Southampton . He would have thought it a sin to See also:

• BORROW, GEORGE HENRY (18