See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

LEWIS [JOHANN See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

LUDWIG] See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] BURCKHARDT (1784-1817)

BURCKHARDT (1784-1817)  , Swiss traveller and orientalist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne on the 24th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1784 . After studying at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen he visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the summer of 18o6, carrying a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of introduction from the naturalist See also:

• BLUMENBACH, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1752–1840)

Blumenbach to See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

Banks, who, with the other members of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African Association, accepted his offer to explore the interior of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . After studying in See also:

• LONDON

London and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, and inuring himself to all kinds of hardships and privations, See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt See also:

• LEFT

left England in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1809 for See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta, whence he proceeded, in the following autumn, to See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to obtain a better knowledge of See also:

• ORIENTAL

oriental See also:

• LIFE

life he disguised himself as a Mussulman, and took the name of See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

Sheikh See also:

• IBRAHIM

Ibrahim See also:

• IBN

Ibn Abdallah . After two years passed in the See also:

• LEVANT

Levant he had thoroughly mastered Arabic, and had acquired such accurate knowledge of the See also:

• KORAN

Koran, and of the commentaries upon its See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and See also:

• LAWS

laws, that after a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical examination the most learned Mussulmans entertained no doubt of his being really what he professed to be, a learned doctorof their See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . During his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria he visited See also:

• PALMYRA

Palmyra, See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus, See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon and thence journeyed via See also:

• PETRA (r)

Petra to See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo with the intention of joining a See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan to See also:

• FEZZAN (the ancient Phazania, or country of the Garamantes)

Fezzan, and of exploring from there the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger . In 1812, whilst waiting for the departure of the caravan, he travelled up the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile as far as See also:

• DAR

Dar Mahass; and then, finding it impossible to penetrate westward, he made a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey through the Nubian See also:

• DESERT

desert in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a poor Syrian See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, passing by See also:

• BERBER

Berber and See also:

• SHENDI

Shendi to See also:

• SUAKIN, or SAWAKIN

Suakin, on the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, whence he performed the See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage to See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca by way of See also:

• JIDDA (also written JEDDAH, DJIDDAH, DJEDDEH)

Jidda . At Mecca he stayed three months and afterwards visited See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina . After enduring privations and sufferings of the severest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, he returned to Cairo in See also:

• JUNE

June 1815 in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• GREAT

great exhaustion; but in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1816 he travelled to See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• SINAI

Sinai, whence he returned to Cairo in June, and there again made preparations for his intended journey to Fezzan . Several hindrances prevented his prosecuting this intention, and finally, in See also:

• APRIL

April 1817, when the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-expected caravan prepared to depart, he was seized with illness and died on the 15th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October . He had from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time carefully transmitted to England his See also:

• JOURNALS

journals and notes, and a very copious See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of letters, so that nothing which appeared to him to be interesting in the various journeys he made has been lost . He bequeathed his collection of Boo vols. of oriental See also:

• MSS

MSS. to the library of Cambridge University .

His See also:

• WORKS

works were published by the African Association in the following order:—Travels in See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia (to which is prefixed a See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical memoir) (1819) ; Travels in Syria and the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• LAND

Land (1822) ; Travels in See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia (1829) ; Arabic See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

Proverbs, or the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners and Customs of the See also:

• MODERN

Modern Egyptians (1830) ; Notes on the See also:

• BEDOUINS (Ahl Bedu, " dwellers in the open land," or Ahl el beit, " people of the tent," as they call themselves)

Bedouins and Wahabys (1831) .