See also:

• JEAN

JEAN [JOANNES BURIDANtrs] See also:

• JEAN [JOANNES BURIDANtrs] BURIDAN (c. 1297—C 1358)

BURIDAN (c. 1297—C 1358)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French philosopher, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BETHUNE
• BETHUNE (FAMILY)
• BETHUNE, CONON

Bethune in See also:

• ARTOIS

Artois . He studied in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris under See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• OCCAM, WILLIAM OF (d. c. 1349)

Occam . He was See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy in the university of Paris, was See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector in 1327, and in 1345 was deputed to defend its interests before See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois and at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . He was more than sixty years old in 1358, but the See also:

• YEAR

year of his See also:

• DEATH

death is not recorded . The tradition that he was forced to flee from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France along with other nominalists, and founded the university of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna in 1356, is unsupported and in See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction to the fact that the university was founded by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. in I.237 . An See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XI., in 1473, directed against the nominalists, prohibited the See also:

• READING

reading of his See also:

• WORKS

works . In philosophy See also:

• BURIDAN, JEAN [JOANNES BURIDANtrs] (c. 1297—C 1358)

Buridan was a rationalist, and followed Occam in denying all See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective reality to universals, which he regarded as See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere words . The aim of his See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic is represented as having been the devising of rules for the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of syllogistic See also:

• MIDDLE

middle terms; this See also:

• SYSTEM

system for aiding slow-witted persons became known as the pons asi'wrum . The parts of logic which he treated with most minuteness are modal propositions and modal syllogisms . In commenting on See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle's See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics he dealt in a very See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent manner with the question of See also:

• FREE

free will, his conclusions being remarkably similar to those of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• LOCKE, GOTTFRIED CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1791–1855)
• LOCKE, JOHN (1632-1704)
• LOCKE, MATTHEW (c. 1630-1677)

Locke . The only See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty which he admits is a certain See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of suspending the deliberative See also:

• PROCESS

process and determining the direction of the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect . Otherwise the will is entirely dependent on the view of the mind, the last result of examination .

The comparison of the will unable to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act between two equally balanced motives to an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass dying of See also:

• HUNGER

hunger between two equal and equidistant bundles of See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay is not found in his works, and may have been invented by his opponents to ridicule his See also:

• DETERMINISM (Lat. determinare, to prescribe or limit)

determinism . That he was not the originator of the theory known as " liberty of indifference " (liberum arbitrium indiferentiae) is shown in G . Fonsegrive's Essai sur le libre arbitre, pp . 119, 199 (1887) . His works are :—Summula de dialectica (Paris, 1487) ; Compendium logicae (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1489) ; Quaestiones in viii. libros physicorum (Paris, 1516) ; In Aristotelis Metaphysica (1518) ; Quaestiones in x. libros ethicorum Aristotelis (Paris, 1489; See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1637); Quaestiones in viii. libros politicorum Aristotelis (1500) . See K . Prantl's Gesehichte der Logik, bk. iv . 14-38; St8ckl's Gesehichte der Philosophie See also:

• DES

des Mittelalters, ii . 1023-1028; See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie, s.v . (1897) .