BURKE  , See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

EDMUND (1729—1797), See also:

• BRITISH

British statesman and See also:

• POLITICAL

political writer . His is one of the greatest names in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of political literature . There have been many more important statesmen, for he was never tried in a position of supreme responsibility . There have been many more effective orators, for lack of imaginative suppleness prevented him from penetrating to the inner mind of his hearers; defects in delivery weakened the See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic persuasiveness of his reasoning; and he had not that commanding authority of See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality which has so often been the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of triumphant eloquence . There have been many subtler, more See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and more systematic thinkers about the conditions of the social See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union . But no one that ever lived used the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general ideas of the thinker more success-fully to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge the particular problems of the statesman . No one has ever come so See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the details of See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical politics, and at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time remembered that these can only be under-stood and only dealt with by the aid of the broad conceptions of political See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . And what is more than all for See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity of fame, he was one of the See also:

• GREAT

great masters of the high and difficult See also:

• ART

art of elaborate See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . A certain doubtfulness hangs over the circumstances of Burke's See also:

• LIFE

life previous to the opening of his public career . The very date of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth is variously stated . The most probable See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion is that he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin on the 12th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1729, new See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style: Of his See also:

• FAMILY

family we know little more than his See also:

• FATHER

father was a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney, practising in Dublin, and that his See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, a.member of the family of Nagle . He had at least one See also:

• SISTER

sister, from whom descended the only existing representatives of Burke's family; and he had at least two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, See also:

• GARRET (from the O. Fr. garite, modern guerite, a watch-tower, connected ultimately with " guard " and " ward ")

Garret Burke and See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Burke, the one older and the other younger than Edmund .

The sister, afterwards Mrs See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, was brought up and remained throughout life in the religious faith of her mother; Edmund and his brothers followed that of their father . In 1741 the three brothers were sent to school at Ballitore in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• KILDARE

Kildare, kept by See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham Shackleton, an Englishman, and a member of the Society of See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

Friends . He appears to have been an excellent teacher and a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and pious See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Burke always looked back on his own connexion with the school at Ballitore as among the most fortunate circumstances of his life . Between himself and a son of his instructor there sprang up a close and affectionate friendship, and, unlike so many of the exquisite attachments of youth, this was not choked by the dust of life, nor parted by divergence of pursuit . Richard Shackleton was endowed with a See also:

• GRAVE

grave, pure and tranquil nature, See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant and austere, yet not without those See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle elements that often redeem the drier qualities of his religious persuasion . When Burke had become one of the most famous men in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, no visitor to his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house was more welcome than the friend with whom See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long years before he had tried poetic flights, and exchanged all the sanguine confidences of boyhood . And we are touched to think of the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple-minded See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest secretly praying, in the solitude of his See also:

• ROOM

room in the See also:

• FINE

fine house at See also:

• BEACONSFIELD
• BEACONSFIELD, BENJAMIN DISRAELI, EARL OF

Beaconsfield, that the way of his anxious and overburdened See also:

• HOST

host might be guided by a divine See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . In 1743 Burke became a student at Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, Dublin, where See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver See also:

• GOLDSMITH
• GOLDSMITH, LEWIS (c. 1763–1846)
• GOLDSMITH, OLIVER (1728–1774)

Goldsmith was also a student at the same time . But the serious See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Abraham Shackleton would not be likely to see much of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild and squalid See also:

• SIZAR

sizar . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood, who was two years younger than Burke, had gone to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . Burke, like Goldsmith, achieved no See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic distinction .

His character was never at any time of the academic See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast . The See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor accuracies, the See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of range, the treading and re-treading of the same small patch of ground, the concentration of See also:

• INTEREST

interest in success before a See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of examiners, were all uncongenial to a nature of exuberant intellectual curiosity and of strenuous and self-reliant originality . His knowledge of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Latin was never thorough, nor had he any turn for See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical niceties . He could quote See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and See also:

• PINDAR (Gr. HivSapos, c. 522–443 B.c.)

Pindar, and he had read See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle . Like others who have gone through the conventional course of instruction, he kept a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in his memory for the various charms of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil and See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, of See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus and See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid; but the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master whose See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page by See also:

• NIGHT

night and by See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day he turned with devout hand, was the copious, energetic, flexible, diversified and brilliant See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius of the declamations for See also:

• ARCHIAS, AULUS LICINJUS

Archias the poet and for See also:

• MILO
• MILO, TITUS ANNIUS

Milo, against See also:

• CATILINE [Lucius SERGIUS CATILINA] (C. I08-62 B.C.)

Catiline and against Antony, the author of the disputations at See also:

• TUSCULUM

Tusculum and the orations against See also:

• VERRES, GAIUS (c. 120-43 B.C.)

Verres . See also:

• CICERO

Cicero was ever to him the mightiest of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient names . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English literature See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton seems to have been more See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to him than See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, and See also:

• SPENSER, EDMUND (c. 1552-1599)
• SPENSER, JOHN (1559-1614)

Spenser was perhaps more of a favourite with him than either . It is too often the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case to be a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident that men who become eminent for wide See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of understanding and penetrating comprehension, are in their See also:

• ADOLESCENCE (Lat. adolescentia, from adolescere, to grow up, past part. adultus, grown up, Eng. " adult ")

adolescence unsettled and desultory . Of this Burke is a See also:

• SIGNAL

signal See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration . He See also:

• LEFT

left Trinity in 1748, with no great stock of well-ordered knowledge . He neither derived the benefits nor suffered the drawbacks of systematic intellectual discipline . After taking his degree at Dublin he went in the See also:

• YEAR

year 1750 to See also:

• LONDON

London to keep terms at the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple .

The ten years that followed were passed in obscure See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . Burke was always extremely reserved about his private affairs . All that we know of Burke exhibits him as inspired by a resolute See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride, a certain stateliness and imperious See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of mind . Such a character, while See also:

• FREE

free from any weak shame about the shabby necessities of See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early struggles, yet is naturally unwilling to make them prominent in after life . There is nothing dishonourable in such an inclination . " I was not swaddled and rocked and dandled into a legislator," wrote Burke when very near the end of his days: Nitor in adversum is the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto for a man like me . At every step of my progress in life (for in every step I was traversed and opposed), and at every See also:

• TURNPIKE

turnpike I met, I was obliged to show my See also:

• PASSPORT

passport . Otherwise no See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, no See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration even, for me." All sorts of whispers have been circulated by idle or maliciousgossip about Burke's first manhood . He is said to have been one of the numerous lovers of his fascinating countrywoman, See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• WOFFINGTON, MARGARET [PEG] (c. 1714-1760)

Woffington . It is hinted that he made a mysterious visit to the See also:

• AMERICAN

American colonies . He was for years accused of having gone over to the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and afterwards recanting . There is not a tittle of See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for these or any of the other statements to Burke's discredit .

The See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that he was a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of moral philosophy at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, when See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume was rejected in favour of an obscure nobody (1751), can be shown to be wholly false . Like a great many other youths with an eminent destiny before them, Burke conceived a strong distaste for the profession of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . His father, who was an attorney of substance, had a distaste still stronger for so vagrant a profession as letters were in that day . He withdrew the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance, and Burke set to See also:

• WORK

work to win for himself by indefatigable industry and capability in the public interest that position of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power or pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence which his detractors acquired either by accident of birth and connexions or else by the vile arts of political intrigue . He began at the bottom of the See also:

• LADDER, (0. Eng. hlaeder; of Teutonic origin, cf. Dutch leer, Ger. Leiter; the ultimate origin is in the root seen in " lean," Or. KNiµat)

ladder, mixing with the Bohemian society that haunted the Temple, practising See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory in the free and easy debating See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies of Covent See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden and the Strand, and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing for the booksellers . In 1756 he made his first See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark by a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire upon See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke entitled A Vindication of Natural Society . It purported to be a See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous work from the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen of Bolingbroke, and to See also:

• PRESENT

present a view of the miseries and evils arising to mankind from every See also:

• SPECIES

species of artificial society . The See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the fine style of that magnificent writer but See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad patriot is admirable . As a satire the piece is a failure, for the simple See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that the substance of it. might well pass for a perfectly true, no less than a very eloquent statement of social blunders and calamities . Such acute critics as See also:

• CHESTERFIELD
• CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, 4TH EARL, OF (1694–1773)

Chesterfield and See also:

• WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELLIOTT GEORGE (1810-1852)
• WARBURTON, COLONEL SIR ROBERT (1842–1899)
• WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698–1779)

Warburton thought the performance serious . See also:

• ROUSSEAU, JACQUES (1633-1693)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN BAPTISTE (1671-1741)
• ROUSSEAU, JEAN JACQUES (1712-1778)
• ROUSSEAU, PIERRE ETIENNE THEODORE (1812–1867); French painter of the Barbizon school, was born in Paris on the 15th of April 1812, of a bourgeois family which included one or two artists. At first he received a business training, but soon displayed aptitu

Rousseau, whose famous discourse on the evils of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization had appeared six years before, would have read Burke's ironical vindication of natural society without a suspicion of its See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony . There have indeed been found persons who insist that the Vindication was a really serious expression of the writer's own opinions .

This is absolutely incredible, for various reasons . Burke See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt now, as he did See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years later, that See also:

• CIVIL

civil institutions cannot wisely or safely be measured by the tests of pure reason . His sagacity discerned that the See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism by which Boling-See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke and the deistic school believed themselves to have over-thrown revealed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, was equally calculated to undermine the structure of political See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . This was precisely the actual course on which See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation was entering in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France at that moment . His Vindication is meant to be a reduction See also:

• TOWN

town absurdity . The rising revolutionary school in France, if they had read it, would have taken it for a demonstration of the theorem to be proved . The only interest of the piece for us lies in the See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof which it furnishes, that at the opening of his life Burke had the same scornful antipathy to political rationalism which flamed out in such overwhelming See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion at its close . In the same year (1756) appeared the Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas on the See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

Sublime and Beautiful, a crude and narrow performance in many respects, yet marked by an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent use of the writer's mind, and not without fertile See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion . It attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the rising aesthetic school in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . Leasing set about the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation and annotation of it, and See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses Mendelssohn borrowed from Burke's speculation at least one of the most fruitful and important ideas of his own influential theories on the sentiments . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the Inquiry had considerable See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue, but it has left no permanent trace in the development of aesthetic thought . Burke's See also:

• LITERARY

literary industry in town was relieved by frequent excursions to the western parts of England, in See also:

• COMPANY

company with See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Burke .

There was a lasting intimacy between the two namesakes, and they seem to have been involved together in some important passages of their lives; but we have Edmund Burke's authority for believing that they were probably not kinsmen . The seclusion of these rural sojourns, originally dictated by delicate See also:

• HEALTH

health, was as wholesome to the mind as to the See also:

• BODY

body . Few men, if any, have ever acquired a settled See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of See also:

• SURVEYING

surveying human affairs broadly, of watching the See also:

• PLAY

play of passion, interest, circumstance, in all its comprehensiveness, and of applying the See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments of general conceptions and wide principles to its See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation with respectable constancy, unless they have at some early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of their manhood resolved the greater problems of society in See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence and See also:

• ISOLATION

isolation . By 1756 the cast of Burke's opinions was decisively fixed, and they underwent no See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . He began a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Hints on the See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

Drama . He wrote a portion of an Abridgment of the History of England, and brought it down as far as the reign of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John . It included, as was natural enough in a warm admirer of See also:

• MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE LA BREDE ET DE (1689-1755)

Montesquieu, a fragment on law, of which he justly said that it ought to be the leading See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science in every well-ordered See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth . Burke's early interest in See also:

• AMERICA

America was shown by an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

Account of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Settlements on that See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . Such See also:

• WORKS

works were evidently a sign that his mind was turning away from abstract speculation to the great political and economic See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, and to the more visible conditions of social stability and the growth of nations . This interest in the See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete phenomena of society inspired him with the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the Annual See also:

• REGISTER

Register (1759), which he designed to present a broad grouping of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief movements of each year . The See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution was as excellent as the conception, and if we reflect that it was begun in the midst of that momentous See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war which raised England to her See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of territorial greatness in See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, we may easily realize how the task of describing these portentous and far-reaching events would be likely to strengthen Burke's habits of wide and laborious observation, as well as to give him firmness and confidence in the exercise of his own See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . See also:

• DODSLEY, ROBERT (1703-1764)

Dodsley gave him £See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo for each annual See also:

• VOLUME

volume, and the sum was welcome enough, for towards the end of 1756 Burke had married .

His wife was the daughter of a Dr See also:

• NUGENT

Nugent, a physician at See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath . She is always spoken of by his friends as a mild, reasonable and obliging See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, whose amiability and gentle sense did much to soothe the too See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous and excitable temperament of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . She had been brought up, there is good reason to believe, as a Catholic, and she was probably a member of that communion at the time of her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . Dr Nugent eventually took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence with his son-in-law in London, and became a popular member of that famous See also:

• GROUP

group of men of letters and artists whom See also:

• BOSWELL, JAMES (1740-1795)

Boswell has made so familiar and so dear to all later generations . Burke, however, had no intention of being dependent . His consciousness of his own See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers animated him with a most justifiable ambition, if ever there was one, to play a See also:

• PART

part in the conduct of See also:

• NATIONAL

national affairs . Friends shared this ambition on his behalf; one of these was See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CHARLEMONT, JAMES CAULFEILD, 1ST EARL

Charlemont . He introduced Burke to William See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton (1759), now only remembered by the See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname " single-speech," derived from the circumstance of his having made a single brilliant speech in the House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons, which was followed by years of almost unbroken silence . Hamilton was by no means devoid of sense and acuteness, but in character he was one of the most despicable men then alive . There is not a word too many nor too strong in the description of him by one of Burke's friends, as " a sullen, vain, proud, selfish, cankered-hearted, envious reptile." The reptile's connexion, however, was for a time of considerable use to Burke . When he was made Irish secretary, Burke accompanied him to Dublin, and there learnt Oxenstiern's eternal See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson, that awaits all who penetrate behind the scenes of government, quam parva sapientia mundus regitur . The penal See also:

• LAWS

laws against the Catholics, the iniquitous restrictions on Irish See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade and industry, the selfish factiousness of the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, the jobbery and corruption of See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, the See also:

• ABSENTEEISM

absenteeism of the landlords, and all the other too familiar elements of that mischievous and fatal See also:

• SYSTEM

system, were then in full force .

As was shown afterwards, they made an impression upon Burke that was never effaced . So much iniquity and so much disorder may well have struck deep on one whose two chief political sentiments were a passion for See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and a passion for See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . He may have anticipated with something of remorse the reflection of a See also:

• MODERN

modern historian, that the absenteeism ofher landlords has been less of a, curse to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland than the absenteeism of her men of genius . At least he was never an absentee in See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart . He always took the interest of an ardent patriot in his unfortunate See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; and, as we shall see, made more than one weighty See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice on behalf of the principles which he deemed to be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up with her welfare . When Hamilton retired from his See also:

• POST

post, Burke accompanied him back to London, with a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £30o a year on the Irish See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

Establishment . This modest allowance he hardly enjoyed for more than a single year . His See also:

• PATRON

patron having discovered the value of so laborious and powerful a subaltern, wished to bind Burke permanently to his service . Burke declined to sell himself into final bondage of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . When Hamilton continued to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press his odious pretensions they quarrelled (1765), and Burke threw up his pension . He soon received a more important piece of preferment than any which he could ever have procured through Hamilton . The See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III. to the See also:

• THRONE

throne in 176o had been followed by the disgrace of See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, the dismissal of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle, and the rise of See also:

• BUTE
• BUTE, JOHN STUART, 3RD EARL OF (1713-1792)

Bute .

These events marked the See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to change the political system which had been created by the Revolution of 1688 . That system placed the government of the country in the hands of a territorial See also:

• OLIGARCHY (Gr. oXiyot, few, apxil, rule)

oligarchy, composed of a few families of large possessions, fairly enlightened principles, and shrewd political sense . It had been preserved by the existence of a Pretender . The two first See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the house of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover could only keep the See also:

• CROWN

crown on their own heads by conciliating the Revolution families and accepting Revolution principles . By 1760 all peril to the See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty was at an end . George III., or those about him, insisted on substituting for the aristocratic See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of political power a substantial concentration of it in the hands of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . The ministers were no longer to be the members of a great party, acting together in pursuance of a common policy accepted by them all as a See also:

• UNITED

united body; they were to become nominees of the court, each holding himself answerable not to his colleagues but to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, separately, individually and by See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . George III. had before his eyes the government of his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin the great See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick; but not every one can See also:

• BEND

bend the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow of Ulysses, and, apart from difference of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal capacity and historic tradition, he forgot that a territorial and commercial See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy cannot be dealt with in the spirit of the barrack and the See also:

• DRILL

drill-ground . But he made the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, and resistance to that attempt supplies the keynote to the first twenty-five years of Burke's political life . Along with the change in system went high-handed and absolutist tendencies in policy . The first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the new experiment was very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short . Bute, in a panic at the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of unpopularity that menaced him, resigned in 1763 .

George See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville and the less enlightened See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the Whigs took his place . They proceeded to tax the American colonists, to inter-pose vexatiously against their trade, to threaten the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the subject at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home by general warrants, and to stifle the liberty of public discussion by prosecutions of the press . Their arbitrary methods disgusted the nation, and the personal arrogance of the ministers at last disgusted the king . The system received a temporary check . Grenville See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, and the king was forced to deliver himself into the hands of the orthodox section of the Whigs . The See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• ROCKINGHAM, CHARLES WATSON WENTWORTH, 2ND MARQUESS OF (173o-1782)

Rockingham (See also:

• JULY

July to, 1765) became See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, and he was induced to make Burke his private secretary . Before Burke had begun his duties, an incident occurred which illustrates the character of the two men . The old See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Newcastle, probably desiring a post for some nominee of his own, conveyed to the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear of the new minister various absurd rumours prejudicial to Burke,—that he was an Irish papist, that his real name was O'See also:

• BOURKE

Bourke, that he had been a Jesuit, that he was an emissary from St Omer's . Lord Rocking-See also:

• HAM

ham repeated these tales to Burke, who of course denied them with indignation . His chief declared himself satisfied, but Burke, from a feeling that the indispensable confidence between them was impaired, at once expressed a strong See also:

• DESIRE

desire to resign his post . Lord Rockingham prevailed upon him to reconsider his resolve, and from that day until Lord Rockingham's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1782, their relations were those of the closest friendship and confidence . The first Rockingham administration only lasted a year and a few days, ending in July 1766 .

The uprightness and good sense of its leaders did not compensate for the weakness of their political connexions . They were unable to stand against the coldness of the king, against the hostility of the powerful and selfish See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction of See also:

• BEDFORD