BURNING TO See also:

• DEATH

DEATH  . As a legal See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment for various crimes burning alive was formerly very wide-spread . It was See also:

• COMMON

common among the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans, being given in the XII . Tables as the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty for See also:

• ARSON (from Lat. ardere, to burn)

arson . Under the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic codes adulterers were so punished, and throughout the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages it was the See also:

• CIVIL

civil penalty for certain heinous crimes, e.g. poisoning, See also:

• HERESY

heresy, See also:

• WITCHCRAFT

witchcraft, arson, bestiality and sodomy, and so continued in some cases, nominally at least, till the beginning of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, under the common See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• WOMEN

women condemned for high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason or See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty treason (See also:

• MURDER

murder of See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, murder of See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master or See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, certain offences against the See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin, &c.) were burned; this being considered more " decent " than See also:

• HANGING

hanging and exposure on a gibbet . In practice the convict was strangled before being burnt . The last woman burnt in England suffered in 1789, the punishment being abolished in 1790 . Burning was not included among the penalties for heresy under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman imperial codes; but the burning of heretics by orthodox mobs had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been sanctioned by See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom before the edicts of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II . (1222, 1223) made it the civil-law punishment for heresy . His example was followed in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis IX. in the Establishments of 1270 . In England, where the civil law was never recognized, the common law took no See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance of ecclesiastical offences, and the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church courts had no See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to condemn to See also:

• DEATH

death .

There were, indeed, in the 12th and 13th centuries isolated instances of the burning of heretics . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• NEWBURGH
• NEWBURGH, or NEWBURG

Newburgh describes the burning of certain See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign sectaries in 1169, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 13th century a See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon was burnt by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford (See also:

• FOXE, JOHN (1516-1587)

Foxe ii . 374; cf . See also:

• BRACTON, HENRY DE (d. 1268)

Bracton, de See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

Corona, ii . 300), but by what legal See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction is not obvious . The right of the See also:

• CROWN

crown to issue writs de haeretico comburendo, claimed for it by later jurists, was based on that issued by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. in 1400 for the burning of William Sawtre; but See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen (Hist . Crim . Law) points out that this was issued " with the assent of the lords temporal," which seems to prove that the crown had no right under the common law to issue such writs . The burning of heretics was actually made legal in England by the See also:

• STATUTE

statute de haeretico comburendo (1400), passed ten days after the issue of the above See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ . This was repealed in 1533, but the Six Articles See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1539 revived burning as a penalty for denying See also:

• TRANSUBSTANTIATION

transubstantiation . Under See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary the acts of Henry IV. and Henry V. were revived; they were finally abolished in 1558 on the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI., Elizabeth and James I., however, burned heretics (illegally as it would appear) under their supposed right of issuing writs for this purpose .

The last heretics burnt in England were two Arians, See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

Legate at Smithfield, and Edward Wightman at See also:

• LICHFIELD

Lichfield, both in Oro . As for witches, countless See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers were burned in most See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries, though not in England, where they were hanged . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II.'s See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the law still was that witches were to be " worried at the stake and then burnt "; and a See also:

• WITCH

witch was burnt at See also:

• DORNOCH

Dornoch so See also:

• LATE

late as 1708 .