See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• ROBERT BURNS (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

BURNS (1759-1796)  , Scottish poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 25th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1759 in a cottage about 2 M. from See also:

• AYR

Ayr . He was the eldest son of a small See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Burness, of Kincardine-See also:

• SHIRE

shire stock, who wrought hard, practised integrity, wished to bring up his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in the fear of See also:

• GOD

God, but had to fight all his days against the winds and tides of adversity . " The poet," said See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle, " was fortunate in his See also:

• FATHER

father—a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of thoughtful intense See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, as the best of our peasants are, valuing knowledge, possessing some and open-minded for more, of keen insight and devout See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, friendly and fearless: a fully unfolded man seldom found in any See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in society, and See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth descending far in society to seek . . . . Had he been ever so little richer, the whole might have issued otherwise . But poverty sunk the whole See also:

• FAMILY

family even below the reach of our cheap school See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and See also:

• BURNS, JOHN (1858– )
• BURNS, ROBERT (1759-1796)
• BURNS, SIR GEORGE

Burns remained a hard-worked plough-boy." Through a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of migrations from one unfortunate See also:

• FARM

farm to another; from Alloway (where he was taught to read) to Mt . See also:

• OLIPHANT, LAURENCE (1829–1888)
• OLIPHANT, MARGARET OLIPHANT (1828-1897)
• OLIPHANT, OLIFANT (Ger. Helfant)

Oliphant, and then (1977) to Lochlea in Tarbolton (where he learnt the rudiments of See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry), the poet remained in the same See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of straitened circumstances . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of thirteen he thrashed the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn with his own hands, at fifteen he was the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal labourer . The family kept no servant, and for several years butchers' See also:

• MEAT

meat was a thing unknown in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . " This See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• LIFE

life," he writes, " the cheerless gloom of a See also:

• HERMIT

hermit and the unceasing toil of a See also:

• GALLEY (derived through the 0. Fr. galee, galie, from the Med. Lat. galea, Ital. galea, Port. gale, of uncertain origin; from the Med. Lat. variant form galera are derived the Mod. Fr. galere, Span. and Ital. galera)

galley-slave, brought me to my sixteenth See also:

• YEAR

year." His naturally robust See also:

• FRAME

frame was overtasked, and his See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous constitution received a fatal See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain . His shoulders were bowed, he became liable to headaches, palpitations and fits of depressing See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy .. From these hard tasks and his fiery temperament, craving in vain for sympathy in a frigid See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew the strong temptations on which Burns was largely wrecked,—the thirst for stimulants and the revolt against See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint which soon made headway and passed all bars .

In the earlier portions of his career a buoyant See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour See also:

• BORE

bore him up; and amid thick-coming shapes of See also:

• ILL

ill he bated no jot of heart or See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope . He was cheered by vague stirrings of ambition, which he pathetically compares to the " See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind groping of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer's Cyclops See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the walls of his See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave." Sent to school at Kirkoswald, he became, for his scant leisure, a See also:

• GREAT

great reader—eating at See also:

• MEAL

meal-times with a See also:

• SPOON (O. Eng. span, a chip or splinter of wood, cf. Du. spoon, Ger. Spahn, in same sense, probably related to Gr. r4 v, wedge)

spoon in one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and a See also:

• BOOK

book in the other, and carrying a few small volumes in his See also:

• POCKET

pocket to study in spare moments in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . " The colle^_tizn di songs " he tells us, " was my .vade 's "cum . I pored over then See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving my See also:

• CART (A.S. crcet, Gaelic cairt; connected with " car ")

cart or walking to labour,See also:

• SONG

song by song, See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse by verse, carefully noting the true, See also:

• TENDER

tender, See also:

• SUBLIME (Lat. sublimis, exalted)

sublime or See also:

• FUSTIAN

fustian." He lingered over the See also:

• BALLADS

ballads in his See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• ROOM

room by See also:

• NIGHT

night; by See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, whilst whistling at the plough, he invented new forms and was inspired by fresh ideas, " gathering round him the memories and the traditions of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country till they became a See also:

• MANTLE

mantle and a See also:

• CROWN

crown." It was among the furrows of his father's fields that he was inspired with the perpetually quoted wish " That I for poor auld See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland's See also:

• SAKE

sake Some useful See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan or book could make, Or sing a sang at least." An equally striking See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of the same feeling is to be found in his summer See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday's ramble to the Leglen See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood,—the fabled haunt of See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace,—which the poet confesses to have visited " with as much devout See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm as ever See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim did the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of Loretto." In another reference to the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period he refers to the intense susceptibility to the homeliest aspects of Nature which throughout characterized his See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . " Scarcely any See also:

• OBJECT

object gave me more—I do not know if I should See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call it See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure—but something which exalts and enraptures me—than to walk in the sheltered See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of a wood or high See also:

• PLANTATION (Lat. plantare, to plant)

plantation in a cloudy See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter day and hear the stormy See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind howling among the trees and raving over the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . I listened to the birds, and frequently turned out of my path lest I should disturb their little songs or frighten them to another station." Auroral visions were See also:

• GILDING

gilding his See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon as he walked in See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory, if not in joy, " behind his plough upon the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain side "; but the swarm of his many-coloured fancies was again made See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey by the atra cura of unsuccessful toils . Burns had written his first verses of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, " Behind See also:

• YON (1822-1847)

yon hills where Stinchar (afterwards Lugar) flows," when in 1781 he went to See also:

• IRVINE

Irvine to learn the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of a See also:

• FLAX

flax-See also:

• DRESSER

dresser . " It was," he says, " an unlucky affair . As we were giving a welcome carousal to the New Year, the See also:

• SHOP

shop took See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and burned to ashes; and I was See also:

• LEFT

left, like a true poet, without a sixpence." His own heart, too, had unfortunately taken fire . He was poring over See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics till, in his own phraseology,—still affected in its See also:

• PROSE

prose by the classical pedantries caught from See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope by See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay,—" the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun entered See also:

• VIRGO (" the Virgin ")

Virgo, when a charming fillette, who lived next See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door, overset See also:

• LILY

lily See also:

• TRIGONOMETRY (from Gr. rpiywvov, a triangle, /ATpov, measure)

trigonometry, and set me off at a tangent from the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of my studies." We need not detail the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, nor the incessant repetitions of it, which marked and sometimes marred his career . The poet was jilted, went through the usual despairs, and resorted to the not unusual See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation . He had found that he was " no enemy to social life," and his mates had discovered that he was the best of boon companions in the lyric feasts, where his eloquence See also:

• SHED

shed a lustre over See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild ways of life, and where he was beginning to be distinguished as a See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the New See also:

• LIGHTS, CEREMONIAL USE OF

Lights and a satirist of the Calvinism whose See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters he found like those of Marah .

In See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert's 25th year his father died, full of sorrows and apprehensions for the gifted son who wrote for his See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb in Alloway kirkyard, the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• EPITAPH (Gr. it oa¢cos, sc. X/yos, from bri, upon, and ra¢os, a tomb)

epitaph ending with the characteristic See also:

• LINE

line " For even his failings leaned to virtue's side." For some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time longer the poet, with his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert, lingered at Lochlea, See also:

• READING

reading agricultural books, miscalculating crops, attending markets, and in a See also:

• MOOD

mood of See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation resolving, " in spite of the See also:

• WORLD

world, the flesh and the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil, to be a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise man." Affairs, however, went no better with the family; and in 1784 they migrated to Mossgiel, where he lived and wrought, during four years, for a return scarce equal to the wage of the commonest labourer in our day . Meanwhile he had become intimate with his future wife, See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

Armour; but the father, a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

mason, discountenanced the match, and the girl being disposed to " sigh as a See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover," as a daughter to obey, Burns, in 1786, gave up his suit, resolved to seek See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, and having accepted a situation as book-keeper to a slave See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate in See also:

• JAMAICA

Jamaica, had taken his passage in a See also:

• SHIP

ship for the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies . His old associations seemed to be breaking up, men and See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune scowled, and " hungry ruin had him in the, wind," when he wrote the lines ending— " Adieu, my native See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of Ayr," and addressed to the most famous of the loves, in which he was as prolific as See also:

• CATULLUS, GAIUS VALERIUS (?84-J4 B.C.)

Catullus or See also:

• TIBULLUS, ALBIUS (c. 54–19 B.c.)

Tibullus, the proposal " Will ye go to the Indies, my See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary." He was withheld from his project and, happily or unhappily, the current of his life was turned by the success of his first See also:

• VOLUME

volume, which was published at See also:

• KILMARNOCK

Kilmarnock in See also:

• JUNE

June 1786 . It contained some of his most justly celebrated poems, the results of his scanty leisure at Lochlea and Mossgiel; among others " The Twa See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

Dogs,"—a graphic idealization of See also:

• AESOP (Gr. Aivwvros)

Aesop,—" The Author's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer," the " Address to the Deil," " The See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision " and " The See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

Dream," " Halloween," " The Cottar's Saturday Night," the lines " To a See also:

• MOUSE

Mouse " and " To a See also:

• DAISY (A.S. daeges cage, day's eye)

Daisy," " Scotch Drink," "'Man was made to Mourn," the " See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to Davie," and some of his most popular songs . This See also:

• EPITOME
• EPITOME (Gr. lircroui, from isrLTEµveW, to cut short)

epitome of a genius so marvellous and so varied took his See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience by See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm . " The country murmured of him from See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to sea." " With his poems," says Robert See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

Heron, " old and See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, See also:

• GRAVE

grave and See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay, learned and ignorant, were alike transported . I was at that time See also:

• RESIDENT

resident in See also:

• GALLOWAY
• GALLOWAY, JOSEPH (1731-1803)
• GALLOWAY, THOMAS (1796-1851)

Galloway, and I can well remember how even plough-boys and maid-servants would have gladly bestowed the See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages they earned the most hardly, and which they wanted to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase necessary clothing, if they might but procure the See also:

• WORKS

works of Burns." This first edition only brought the author £20 See also:

• DIRECT

direct return, but it introduced him to the literati of See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, whither he was invited, and where he was welcomed, feasted, admired and patronized . He appeared as a portent among the scholars of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital and its university, and manifested, according to Mr See also:

• LOCKHART, JOHN GIBSON (1794–1854)
• LOCKHART, QEORGE (1673-1731)
• LOCKHART, SIR WILLIAM STEPHEN ALEXANDER (1841–1900)

Lockhart, " in the whole strain of his bearing, his belief that in the society of the most eminent men of his nation he was where he was entitled to be, hardly deigning to flatter them by exhibiting a symptom of being flattered." See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott bears a similar testimony to the dignified simplicity and almost exaggerated See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the poet, during this annus mirabilis of his success . " As for Burns, Virgilium vidi tantum, I was a lad of fifteen when he came to Edinburgh, but had sense enough to be interested in his See also:

• POETRY

poetry, and would have given the world to know him . I saw him one day with several gentlemen of See also:

• LITERARY

literary reputation, among whom I remember the celebrated Dugald See also:

• STEWART, ALEXANDER TURNEY (1803-1876)
• STEWART, BALFOUR (1828-1887)
• STEWART, CHARLES (1778–1869)
• STEWART, DUGALD (1753-1828)
• STEWART, J
• STEWART, JOHN (1749—1822)
• STEWART, JULIUS L
• STEWART, SIR DONALD MARTIN (1824–19o0)
• STEWART, SIR HERBERT (1843—1885)
• STEWART, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1540—c. 1605)
• STEWART, STUART
• STEWART, WILLIAM (c. 1480-c. 1550)

Stewart . Of course we youngsters sat silent, looked, and listened . . .

. I remember . . . his shedding tears over a See also:

• PRINT

print representing a soldier lying dead in the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, his See also:

• DOG

dog sitting in misery on one side, on the other his widow with a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child in her arms . His See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person was robust, his See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners rustic, not clownish . . .. His countenance was more massive than it looks in any of the portraits . There was a strong expression of shrewdness in his lineaments; the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye alone indicated the poetic character and temperament . It was large and of a dark See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast, and literally glowed when he spoke with feeling or See also:

• INTEREST

interest . I never saw such another eye in a human See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . His conversation expressed perfect self-confidence, without the least intrusive forwardness . I thought his acquaintance with See also:

• ENGLISH

English poetry was rather limited; and having twenty times the abilities of See also:

• ALLAN, DAVID (1744–1796)
• ALLAN, SIR HUGH (1810–1882)
• ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM (1782–1850)

Allan Ramsay and of See also:

• FERGUSSON, JAMES (18o8-r886)
• FERGUSSON, ROBERT (1750-1774)
• FERGUSSON, SIR WILLIAM

Fergusson he talked of them with too much humility as his See also:

• MODELS

models . He was much caressed in Edinburgh, but the efforts made for his See also:

• RELIEF

relief were extremely trifling." Laudatur et alget . Burns went from those meetings, where he had been posing professors (no hard task), and turning the heads of duchesses, to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share a See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed in the See also:

• GARRET (from the O. Fr. garite, modern guerite, a watch-tower, connected ultimately with " guard " and " ward ")

garret of a writer's apprentice,—they paid together 3s. a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week for the room .

It was in the house of Mr Carfrae, See also:

• BAXTER, ANDREW (1686-1750)
• BAXTER, RICHARD (1615-1691)
• BAXTER, ROBERT DUDLEY (1827-1875)
• BAXTER, WILLIAM (1650-1723)

Baxter's See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

Close, Lawnmarket, " first See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale See also:

• STAIR (0. Eng. stagger, step, from stigan, to climb, cf. Ger. steigen; the root is also seen in " stile " and " stirrup ")
• STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE

stair on the left hand in going down, first door in the stair." During Burns's life it was reserved for William See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt to recognize his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as a great poet; the more cautious critics of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North were satisfied to endorse him as a rustic See also:

• PRODIGY

prodigy, and brought upon themselves a share of his See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire . Some of the friendships contracted during this period —as for See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• GLENCAIRN, EARLS OF

Glencairn and Mrs See also:

• DUNLOP, JOHN COLIN (1785-1842)

Dunlop—are among the most pleasing and permanent in literature; for genuine kindness was never wasted on one who, whatever his faults, has never been accused of ingratitude . But in the See also:

• BARD

bard's See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city life there was anunnatural See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element . He stooped to beg for neither See also:

• SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904)

smiles nor favour, but the gnarled country See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak is cut up into cabinets in artificial prose and verse . In the letters to Mr See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham, the See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue to Mr Wood, and the epistles to Clarinda, he is dancing minuets with hob-nailed shoes . When, in 1787, the second edition of the Poems came out, the proceeds of their See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale realized for the author £400 . On the strength of this sum he gave him-self two See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long rambles, full of poetic material—one through the border towns into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as far as See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle, returning by See also:

• DUMFRIES (Gaelic, " the fort in the copse ")

Dumfries to See also:

• MAUCHLINE

Mauchline, and another a See also:

• GRAND

grand tour through the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands, as far as See also:

• INVERNESS

Inverness, returning by Edinburgh, and so See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home to See also:

• AYRSHIRE

Ayrshire . In 1788 Burns took a new farm at Ellisland on the Nith, settled there, married, lost his little See also:

• MONEY

money, and wrote, among other pieces, " Auld See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang Syne " and " See also:

• TAM, JACOB BEN MEIR (1100-1171)

Tam o' Shanter." In 1789 he obtained, through the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of Mr Graham of Fintry, an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise-officer of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, worth £5.0 per annum . In 1791 he removed to a similar See also:

• POST

post at Dumfries worth £70 . In the course of the following year he was asked to contribute to See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson's Select Collection of See also:

• ORIGINAL

Original Scottish Airs with Symphonies and Accompaniments for the See also:

• PIANOFORTE (Ital. piano, soft, and forte, loud)

Pianoforte and See also:

• VIOLIN

Violin: the poetry by Robert Burns . To this See also:

• WORK

work he contributed about one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred songs, the best of which are now ringing in the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear of every Scotsman from New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand to See also:

• SAN

San Francisco . For these, original and adapted, he received a See also:

• SHAWL

shawl for his wife, a picture by See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David Allan representing the " Cottar's Saturday Night," and £5 !

The poet wrote an indignant See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter and never afterwards composed for money . Unfortunately the " See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock of Independence " to which he had proudly retired was but a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of air, over which the meteors of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• POLITICAL

political enthusiasm cast a lurid gleam . In the last years of his life, exiled from polite society on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of his revolutionary opinions, he became sourer in See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper and plunged more deeply into the dissipations of the See also:

• LOWER

lower ranks, among whom he found his only companionship and See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole, though shallow, sympathy . Burns began to feel himself prematurely old . Walking with a friend who proposed to him to join a See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cognate with " bale," Teutonic in origin, cf. also Lat. falls, and Gr. 7raXXa)
• BALL, JOHN (1585-1640)
• BALL, JOHN (1818-1889)
• BALL, JOHN (d. 1381)
• BALL, SIR ALEXANDER JOHN, BART
• BALL, THOMAS (1819- )

ball, he shook his head, saying " that's all over now," and adding a verse of See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Grizel See also:

• BAILLIE, JOANNA (1762-1851)
• BAILLIE, LADY GRIZEL (1665-1746)
• BAILLIE, ROBERT (1602-1662)
• BAILLIE, ROBERT (d. 1684)

Baillie's ballad " O were we young as we ance hae been, We sud hae been galloping down on yon See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, And linking it ower the lily-See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

lea, But were na my heart See also:

• LIGHT

light I See also:

• WAD

wad See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

dee." His hand shook; his See also:

• PULSE

pulse and appetite failed; his See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits sunk into a See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform gloom . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1796 he wrote—" I fear it will be some time before I tune my See also:

• LYRE (Gr. Xupa)

lyre again . By See also:

• BABEL

Babel's streams I have sat and wept . I have only known existence by the pressure of sickness and counted time by the repercussions of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain . I close my eyes in misery and open them without hope . I look on the vernal day and say with poor Fergusson " Say wherefore has an all-indulgent See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven Life to the comfortless and wretched given." On the 4th of See also:

• JULY

July he was seen to be dying . On the 12th he wrote to his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin for the See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of £10 to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save him from passing his last days in jail . On the 21st he was no more .

On the 25th, when his last son came into the world, he was buried with See also:

• LOCAL

local honours, the See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers of the See also:

• COMPANY

company to which he belonged firing three volleys over his grave . It has been said that " See also:

• LOWLAND

Lowland Scotland as a distinct See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality came in with two warriors and went out with two bards . It came in with William Wallace and Robert See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce and went out with Robert Burns and Walter Scott . The first two made the See also:

• HISTORY

history, the last two told the story and sung the song." But what in the See also:

• MINSTREL

minstrel's See also:

• LAY

lay was mainly a See also:

• REQUIEM

requiem was in the See also:

• PEOPLE

people's poet also a prophecy . The position of Burns in the progress of See also:

• BRITISH

British literature may be shortly defined; he was a See also:

• LINK

link between two eras, like See also:

• CHAUCER, GEOFFREY (? 1340-1400)

Chaucer, the last of the old and the first of the new—the inheritor of the traditions and the See also:

• MUSIC

music of the past, in some respects the See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald of the future . The volumes of our lyrist owe See also:

• PART

part of their popularity to the fact of their being an epitome of melodies, moods and memories that had belonged for centuries to the See also:

• NATIONAL

national life, the best inspirations of which have passed into them . But in gathering from his ancestors Burns has exalted their work by asserting a new dignity for their simplest themes . He is the See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of See also:

• BARBOUR, JOHN (? 1316-1395)

Barbour, distilling the spirit of the old poet's epic into a See also:

• BATTLE

battle See also:

• CHANT (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. cantare, to sing; an old form is " chaunt ")

chant, and of See also:

• DUNBAR, GEORGE (1774—1851)
• DUNBAR, PAUL LAURENCE (1872–1906)
• DUNBAR, WILLIAM (c. 1460-c. 1520)

Dunbar, reproducing the various humours of a See also:

• HALF

half-sceptical, half-religious See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of life . He is the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of Ramsay, but he leaves his master, to make a social protest and to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead a literary revolt . The See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

Gentle Shepherd, still largely a See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral, in which " a man's a man " if born a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre,