3RD See also:

• EARL

EARL OF See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

STUART See also:

• BUTE
• 3RD EARL OF JOHN STUART BUTE (1713-1792)

BUTE (1713-1792)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, son of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, and See also:

• EARL

earl, and of See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Jane See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, daughter of the 1st See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 25th of May 1713; he was educated at See also:

• ETON

Eton and succeeded to the earldom (in the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland; created for his See also:

• GRAND

grand-See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• SIR

Sir James See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart in 1703) on his father's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1723 . He was elected a representative peer for Scotland in 1737 but not in the following parliaments, and appears not to have spoken in debate . In 1738 he was made a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• THISTLE

Thistle, and for several years lived in retirement in See also:

• BUTE
• BUTE, JOHN STUART, 3RD EARL OF (1713-1792)

Bute, engaged in agricultural and botanical pursuits . From the quiet obscurity for which his talents and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character entirely fitted him Bute was forced by a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident . He had resided in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England since the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of 1745, and in 1747, a downpour of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain having pre-vented the departure of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick, See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, from the See also:

• EGHAM

Egham races, Bute was summoned to his See also:

• TENT

tent to make up a See also:

• WHIST

whist party; he immediately gained the favour of the prince and princess, became the leading personage at their See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and in 1750 was appointed by Frederick a See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of his bedchamber . After the latter's death in 1751 his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household increased . To his See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close intimacy with the princess a guilty character was commonly assigned by contemporary See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and their relations formed the subject of numerous popular lampoons, but the See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal was never founded on anything but conjecture and the malice of See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction . With the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young prince, the future See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, Bute's intimacy was equally marked; he became his See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion and confidant, and used his influence to inspire him with animosity against the Whigs and with the high notions of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign's See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and duties found in See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke's Patriot King and See also:

• BLACKSTONE, SIR WILLIAM (1723-1780)

Blackstone's Commentaries . In 1775 he took See also:

• PART

part in the negotiations between See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House and See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, directed against the duke of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle, and in 1757 in the conferences between the two ministers which led to their taking See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office together . In 1756, by the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• DESIRE

desire of the young prince, he was appointed See also:

• GROOM

groom of the See also:

• STOLE (Lat. stela and orarium, Fr. etole, It. stola, Sp. estola, Ger. Stela)

stole at Leicester House, in spite of the king's pronounced aversion to him . On the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III. in 176o, Bute became at once a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and importance . He was appointed a privy councillor, groom of the stole and first See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman of the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed-chamber, and though merely an irresponsible confidant, without a seat in See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament or in the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, he was in reality prime minister, and the only person trusted with the king's wishes and confidence .

George III. and Bute immediately proceeded to accomplish their See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-projected plans, the conclusion of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the break-up of the Whig See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of power, and the supremacy of the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy over parliament and parties . Their policy was carried out with consummate skill and caution . See also:

• GREAT

Great care was shown not to alienate the Whig leaders in a See also:

• BODY

body, which would have raised up under Pitt's leadership a formidable party of resistance, but See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage was taken of disagreementsbetween the ministers concerning the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal jealousies, and of the strong reluctance of the old statesmen who had served the See also:

• CROWN

crown for generations to identify themselves with active opposition to the king's wishes . They were all discarded singly, and isolated, after violent disagreements, from the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the ministers . On the 25th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1761 Bute succeeded Lord Holderness as secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department, and Pitt resigned in See also:

• OCTOBER

October on the refusal of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to declare war against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . On the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November Bute appeared in his new capacity as prime minister in the House of Lords, where he had not been seen for twenty years . Though he had succeeded in disarming all organized opposition in parliament, the hostility displayed against him in the nation, arising from his Scottish See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality, his character as favourite, his peace policy and the resignation of the popular See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero Pitt, was overwhelming . He was the See also:

• OBJECT

object of numerous attacks and lampoons . He dared not show himself in the streets without the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize-fighters, while the See also:

• JACK

jack-See also:

• BOOT

boot (a See also:

• PUN

pun upon his name) and the See also:

• PETTICOAT

petticoat, by which the princess was represented, were continually being burnt by the See also:

• MOB

mob or hanged upon the gallows . On the 9th of November, while proceeding to the See also:

• GUILDHALL

Guildhall, he narrowly escaped falling into the hands of the populace, who smashed his See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach, and he was treated with studied coldness at the banquet . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1762 Bute was compelled to declare war against Spain, though now without the advantages which the earlier decision urged by Pitt could have secured, and he supported the war, but with no zeal and no definite aim beyond the obtaining of a peace at any See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price and as soon as possible . In May he succeeded the duke of Newcastle as first lord of the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury, and he was created K.G. after resigning the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Thistle .

In his See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind eagerness for peace he conducted on his own responsibility See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret negotiations for peace with France through Viri, the Sardinian minister, and the preliminary treaty was signed on the 3rd of November at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau . The king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia had some See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to complain of the sudden See also:

• DESERTION

desertion of his ally, but there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence whatever to substantiate his See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation that Bute had endeavoured to divert the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar later from his See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with Prussia, or that he had treacherously in his negotiations with See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna held out to that court hopes of territorial See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation in See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia as the price of the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment of France; while the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge brought against Bute in 1765 of having taken bribes to conclude the peace, subsequently after investigation pronounced frivolous by parliament, may safely be ignored . A See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority was now secured for the minister's policy by See also:

• BRIBERY (from the O. Fr. briberie, begging or vagrancy, bribe, Mid. Lat. briba, signifying a piece of bread given to beggars; the Eng. " bribe " has passed through the meanings of alms, blackmail and extortion, to gifts received or given in order to influ

bribery and threats, and with the aid of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox, who deserted his party to become See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . The definitive peace of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris was signed on the loth of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1763, and a wholesale proscription of the Whigs was begun, the most insignificant adherents of the fallen party, including widows, See also:

• MENIAL

menial servants and schoolboys, incurring the minister's mean vengeance . Later, Bute roused further hostility by his See also:

• CIDER (q.v.)
• CIDER, or CYDER (from the Fr. cidre, derived from the Lat. sicera or cisera, Gr. mucepa, Heb. shade, strong drink)

cider tax, an See also:

• ILL

ill-advised measure producing only 75,000 a See also:

• YEAR

year, imposing special burdens upon the farmers and landed See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the cider counties, and extremely unpopular because extending the detested See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation by See also:

• EXCISE (derived through the Dutch, excijs or accijs, possibly from Late Lat. accensare,—ad, to, and census, tax; the word owes something to a confusion with excisum, cut out)

excise, regarded as an infringement of the popular liberties . At length, unable to contend any longer against the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and inveterate animosity displayed against him, fearing for the consequences to the monarchy, alarmed at the virulent attacks of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Briton, and suffering from ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health, Bute resigned office on the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April . " Fifty pounds a year," he declared, " and See also:

• BREAD

bread and See also:

• WATER

water were luxury compared with what I suffer." He had, however, before retiring achieved the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects for which he had been entrusted with power . He still for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time retained influence with the king, and intended to employ George See also:

• GRENVILLE (or GRANVILLE), SIR RICHARD (r600-1658)
• GRENVILLE (or GREYNVILE), SIR RICHARD (c. 1541-1591)
• GRENVILLE, GEORGE (1712-1770)
• GRENVILLE, SIR BEVIL (1596-1643)
• GRENVILLE, WILLIAM WYNDHAM GRENVILLE, BARON (1759-1834)

Grenville (whom he recommended as his successor) as his See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent; but the latter insisted on possessing the king's whole confidence, and on the failure of Bute in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1763 to procure his dismissal and to substitute a See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry led by Pitt and the duke of See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford, Grenville demanded and obtained Bute's withdrawal from the court . He resigned accordingly the office of privy See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse, and took leave of George See also:

• IIL, PP

IIL 878 on the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . He still corresponded with the king, and returned again to See also:

• LONDON

London next year, but in May 1765, after the duke of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland's failure to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, Grenville exacted the promise from the king, which appears to have been kept faithfully, that Bute should have no See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share and should give no See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice whatever in public business, and obtained the dismissal of Bute's See also:

• BROTHER

brother from his See also:

• POST

post of lord privy See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal in Scotland . Bute.continued to visit the princess of Wales, but on the king's arrival always retired by a back See also:

• STAIRCASE

staircase . The See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of Bute's See also:

• LIFE

life has little public interest .

He spoke against the government on the See also:

• AMERICAN

American question in February 1766, and in March against the See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal of the See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

Stamp See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act . In 1768 and 1774 he was again elected a representative peer for Scotland, but took no further part in politics, and in 1778 refused to have anything to do with the abortive See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to effect an alliance between himself and See also:

• CHATHAM
• CHATHAM, WILLIAM PITT

Chatham . He travelled in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, complained of the malice of his opponents and of theingratitude of the king, and determined " to retire from the See also:

• WORLD

world before it retires from me." He died on the loth of March 1792 and was buried at See also:

• ROTHESAY

Rothesay in Bute . Though one of the worst of ministers, Bute was by no means the worst of men or the despicable and detestable person represented by the popular See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination . His abilities were inconsiderable, his character weak, and he was qualified neither for the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary administration. of public business nor for the higher See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of statesmanship, and was entirely destitute of that experience which sometimes fills the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of natural aptitude . His short administration was one of the most disgraceful and incompetent in English See also:

• HISTORY

history, originating in an accident, supported only by the will of the sovereign, by See also:

• GROSS

gross corruption and intimidation, the precursor of the disintegration of See also:

• POLITICAL

political life and of a whole See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• NATIONAL

national disasters . Yet Bute had See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good principles and intentions, was inspired by feelings of sincere See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection and See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty for his sovereign, and his character remains untarnished by the grosser accusations raised by faction . In the circle of his See also:

• FAMILY

family and intimate See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, away from the great world in which he made so poor a figure, he was greatly esteemed . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson, Lord See also:

• MANSFIELD
• MANSFIELD, RICHARD (1857-1907)
• MANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRAY, 1ST EARL

Mansfield, Lady See also:

• HERVEY, JAMES (1714–1758)

Hervey, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• WARBURTON, BARTHOLOMEW ELLIOTT GEORGE (1810-1852)
• WARBURTON, COLONEL SIR ROBERT (1842–1899)
• WARBURTON, WILLIAM (1698–1779)

Warburton join in his praise . For the former, a strong opponent of his administration, he procured a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £300 a year . He was exceptionally well read, with a refined See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for books and See also:

• ART

art, and See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased the famous See also:

• THOMASON, GEORGE (d. 1666)

Thomason Tracts now in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . He was learned in the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany, and formed a magnificent collection and a botanic See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden at See also:

• LUTON

Luton Hoo, where See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam built for him a splendid See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence .

He engraved privately about 1785 at enormous expense Botanical Tables containing the Different Familys of British See also:

• PLANTS

Plants, while The See also:

• TABULAR

Tabular See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution of British Plants (1787) is also attributed to him . Bute filled the offices of See also:

• RANGER, HENRY WARD (1858– )

ranger of See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond See also:

• FOREST

Forest, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

Charter-house, See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of Marischal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen (1761), trustee of the British Museum (1765), See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (178o) and See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of See also:

• CHELSEA

Chelsea See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital . By his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, daughter of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Wortley See also:

• MONTAGU (Family)
• MONTAGU (or MOUNTAGUE), RICHARD (1577-1641)
• MONTAGU, ELIZABETH ROBINSON (1720-1800)
• MONTAGU, LADY MARY WORTLEY (1689–1762)
• MONTAGU, RALPH, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1638-1709)

Montagu of Wortley, See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, who in 1761 was 'created Baroness See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Stuart of Wortley, and through whom he became possessed of the enormous Wortley See also:

• PROPERTY

property, he had, besides six daughters; five sons, the eldest of whom, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, Lord See also:

• CARDIFF

Cardiff (1744—1814), succeeded him as 4th earl and was created a See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess in 1796 . John, Lord Mount Stuart (1767—1794), the son and See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir of the 1st marquess, died before his father, and consequently in 1814 the Bute titles and estates came to his son John (1793—1848) as 2nd marquess . The latter was succeeded by his only son John See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

Patrick (1847-1900), whose son John (b . 1881) inherited the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title in 1900 .