See also:

• BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " See also:

• BUTT
• BUTT, ISAAC (1813-1879)

butt " and " See also:

• ABUTMENT

abutment ")  , See also:

• MASONRY

masonry projecting from a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, provided to give additional strength to the same, and also to resist the thrust of the roof or wall, especially when concentrated at any one point . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture the plans of the See also:

• BUILDING

building, where the vaults were of considerable span and the thrust therefore very See also:

• GREAT

great, were so arranged as to provide See also:

• CROSS

cross-walls, dividing the aisles, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the See also:

• BASILICA

Basilica of See also:

• MAXENTIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS VALERIUS

Maxentius, and, in the Thermae of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, the subdivisions of the less important halls, so that there were no visible buttresses . In the See also:

• BATHS

baths of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian, however, these cross-walls See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the height of the great vaulted See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, the See also:

• TEPIDARIUM

tepidarium, and their upper portions were decorated with niches and pilasters . In a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Shuka in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, attributed to the end of the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century A.U., where, in consequence of the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• TIMBER

timber, it was necessary to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover over the building with slabs of stones, these latter were carried on See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches thrown across the great hall, and this necessitated two precautions, viz. the See also:

• PRO

pro-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of an See also:

• ABUTMENT

abutment inside the building, and of buttresses outside, the earliest example in which the feature was frankly accepted . In See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine See also:

• WORK

work there were no See also:

• EXTERNAL

external buttresses, the plans being arranged to include them in cross-walls or interior abutments . The buttresses of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Romanesque churches were only See also:

• PILASTER (Fr. pilastre, med. Lat. pilastrum, from pila, a pillar)

pilaster strips employed to break up the wall See also:

• SURFACE

surface and decorate the exterior . At a slightly later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period a greater See also:

• DEPTH

depth was given to the See also:

• LOWER

lower portion of the buttresses, which was then capped with a deep sloping weathering . The introduction of ribbed vaulting, extended to the See also:

• NAVE

nave in the 12th century, and the concentration of thrusts on definite points of the structure, rendered the See also:

• BUTTRESS (from the O. Fr. bouteret, that which bears a thrust, from bouter, to push, cf. Eng. " butt " and " abutment ")

buttress an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, and from the first this would seem to have been recognized, and the architectural treatment already given to the Romanesque buttress received a remarkable development . The buttresses of the early See also:

• ENGLISH

English period have considerable See also:

• PROJECTION

projection with two or three sets-off sloped at an acute See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle dividing the stages and crowned by triangular heads; and slender columns (" buttress shafts ") are used at the angle . In later work pinnacles and niches are usually employed to decorate the summits of the buttresses, and in the still later Perpendicular work the See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical faces are all richly decorated with panelling .