See also:

• BUXTORF, or BUXTORFF, JOHANNES (1564-1629)
• BUXTORF, or BUXTORIT, JOHANNES (1599-1664)

BUXTORF, or BUXTORIT, JOHANNES (1599-1664)  , son of the preceding, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel on the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1599, and when still a boy attained considerable proficiency in the classical See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . Entering the university at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twelve, he was only sixteen when he obtained his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master's degree . He now gave himself up to theological and especially to semitic studies, concentrating later on rabbinical See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, and See also:

• READING

reading while yet a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man both the Mishna and the See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and Babylonian Gemaras . These studies he further See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by visits to See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, See also:

• DORT, SYNOD OF

Dort (where he made the acquaintance of many of the delegates to the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of 1619) and See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, and in all these places acquired a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation . In 1622 he published at Basel a See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon Chaldaicum et Syriacum, as a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion See also:

• WORK

work to his See also:

• FATHER

father's great Rabbinical See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . He declined the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic at See also:

• LAUSANNE

Lausanne, and in 1624 was appointed See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church at Basel . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his father in 1629, he was unanimously designated his successor in the Hebrew See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor-See also:

• SHIP

ship . From this date until his death in 1664 he remained at Basel, declining two offers which were made to him from See also:

• GRONINGEN

Groningen and See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, to accept the Hebrew chair in these two celebrated See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . In 1647 the governing See also:

• BODY

body of the university founded, specially for him, a third theological professorship, that of " Commonplaces and Controversies," which See also:

• BUXTORF, or BUXTORFF, JOHANNES (1564-1629)
• BUXTORF, or BUXTORIT, JOHANNES (1599-1664)

Buxtorf held for seven years along with the Hebrew chair . When, however, the professorship of the Old Testament became vacant in 1654 by the death of Theodor Zwinger, Buxtorf resigned the chair of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology and accepted that of the Old Testament instead . He was four times married, his three first wives dying shortly after See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage and the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth predeceasing her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband by seven years . His See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children died young, with the exception of two boys, the younger of whom, See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob (1645-1704), became his father's colleague, and then his successor, in the chair of Hebrew .

The same distinction See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell to the See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot of his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Johann (1663-1732) . A considerable portion of Buxtorf's public See also:

• LIFE

life was spent in controversy regarding disputed points in biblical See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism, in reference to which he had to defend his father's views . The attitude of the Reformed churches at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, as opposed to the Church of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, led them to maintain many opinions in regard to biblical questions which were not only erroneous, but altogether unnecessary for the stability of their position . Having renounced the See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma of an infallible church, it was deemed necessary to maintain as a counterpoise, not only that of an infallible Bible, but, as the necessary See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of this, of a Bible which had been handed down from the earliest ages without the slightest textual alteration . Even the vowel points and accents were held to have been given by divine See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration . The Massoretic See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the Old Testament, therefore, as compared either with that of the recently discovered Samaritan See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch, or the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint or of the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate, alone contained the true words of the sacred writers . Although many of the Reformers, as well as learned See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long seen that theseassertions could not be made See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, there had been as yet no formal controversy upon the subject . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• CAPPEL
• CAPPEL, LOUIS (1585-1658)

Cappel (q.v.) was the first effectually to dispel the illusions which had long prevailed by a work on the See also:

• MODERN

modern origin of the vowel points and accents . The See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder Buxtorf had counselled him not to publish his work, pointing out the injury which it would do the See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant cause, but Cappel sent his MS. to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• ERPENIUS (original name VAN ExpE), THOMAS (1584–1624)

Erpenius of Leiden, the most learned orientalist of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, by whom it was published in 1624, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Arcanum Punctationis revelatum, but without the author's name . The elder Buxtorf, though he lived five years after the publication of the work, made no public reply to it, and it was not until 1648 that Buxtorf junior published his Tractatus de punctorum origine, antiquitate, et authoritate, oppositus Arcano punctationis revelato Ludovici Cappelli . He tried to prove by copious citations from the rabbinical writers, and by arguments of various kinds, that the points, if not so See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient as the time of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses, were at least as old as that of See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra, and thus possessed the authority of divine inspiration . Unfortunately he allowed himself to employ contemptuous epithets towards Cappel; such as " innovator " and " visionary." Cappel speedily prepared a second edition of his work, in which, besides replying to the arguments of his opponent, and fortifying his position with new ones, he retorted his contumelious epithets with See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

Owing to various causes, however, this second edition did not see the See also:

• LIGHT

light until 1685, when it was published at See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam in the edition of his collected See also:

• WORKS

works . Besides this controversy, Buxtorf engaged in three others with the same antagonist, on the subject of the integrity of the Massoretic text of the Old Testament, on the antiquity of the See also:

• PRESENT

present Hebrew characters, and on the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper . In the two former Buxtorf supported the untenable position that the text of the Old Testament had been transmitted to us without any errors or alteration, and that the present square or so-called See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee characters were coeval with the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the various books . These views were triumphantly refuted by his great opponent in his Critica Sacra, and in his Diatriba veris et antiquis Ebraicorum literis . Besides the works already mentioned in the course of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, Buxtorf edited the great Lexicon Chaldaicum, Talmudicum, et Rabbinicum, on which his father had spent the labour of twenty years, and to the completion of which he himself gave ten years of additional study; and the great Hebrew See also:

• CONCORDANCE (Late Lat. concordantia, harmony, from cum, with, and car, heart)

Concordance, which his father had little more than begun . In addition to these, he published new See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of many of his father's works, as well as others of his own, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete lists of which may he seen in the AthenaeRauricae and other works enumerated at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the preceding article .