BYEZHETSK  , a

town of Russia, in the government of Tver, and 70 M . N.N.E. of the city of that name, on the right bank of the Mologa, in 57° 46' N. lat. and 36° 43' E. long . Pop . (186o) 5423; (1897) 9090 . It is mentioned in the chronicles of 1137 . On the fall of Novgorod, to which it had belonged, it was incorporated (1479) with the grand-duchy of Moscow . The town is famous for its scythes andshearing hooks,but makes also axes,nails and other hardware, and trades in grain, linen, hemp and flax . BY-LAW, or BYE-LAW (by- being used in the sense of subordinate or secondary, cf. by-path), a regulation made by councils, boards, corporations and companies, usually under statutory power, for the preservation of order and good government within some place or jurisdiction . When made under authority of a statute, by-laws must generally, before they come into operation, be submitted to some confirming authority for sanction and approval; when approved, they are as binding as enacted laws . By-laws must be reasonable in themselves; they must not be retrospective nor contrary to the general law of the land . By various statutes powers are given to borough, county and district councils, to make by-laws for various purposes; corporate bodies, also, are empowered by their charters to make by-laws which are binding on their members, Such by-laws must be in harmony with the objects of the society and must not infringe or limit the powers and duties of its officers .