6TH See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

GEORGE See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

GORDON See also:

• 6TH BARON GEORGE GORDON BYRON BYRON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

BYRON BYRON (1788-1824)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English poet, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London at 16 Holies See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish Square, on the 22nd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1788 . The Byrons were of See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman stock, but the founder of the See also:

• FAMILY

family was See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron, who entered into See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the priory and lands of Newstead in the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham in 1540 . From him it descended (but with a See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar-sinister) to a See also:

• GREAT

great-See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, John (1st See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron) Byron (q.v.), a See also:

• CAVALIER
• CAVALIER, JEAN (1681-1740)

Cavalier See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, who was raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage in 1643 . The first See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Byron died childless, and was succeeded by his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard, the great-grandfather of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William, the 5th lord, who outlived son and grandson, and was II succeeded by his great-See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, the poet . See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral the Hon . John Byron (q.v.) was the poet's grandfather . His eldest son, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain John Byron, the poet's See also:

• FATHER

father, was a libertine by choice and in an eminent degree . He caused to be divorced, and married (1779) as his first wife, the marchioness of See also:

• CARMARTHEN (Caerfyrddin)

Carmarthen (born Amelia D'Arcy), Baroness Conyers in her own right . One See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage survived, the Hon . See also:

• AUGUSTA

Augusta Byron (1783-1851), the poet's See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• SISTER

sister, who, in 1807, married her first See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh . His second marriage to See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon (b . 1765) of Gight in See also:

• ABERDEENSHIRE

Aberdeenshire took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath on the 13th of May 1785 .

He is said to have squandered the fortunes of both wives . It is certain that Gight was sold to pay his debts (1786), and that the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision for his wife was a See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of £3000 . It was an unhappy marriage . There was an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at living together in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and, when this failed, Mrs Byron returned to See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . On her way thither she gave See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to a son, christened George Gordon after his maternal grandfather, who was descended from Sir William Gordon of Gight, grandson of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. of Scotland . After a while her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband rejoined her, but went back to France and died at See also:

• VALENCIENNES

Valenciennes on the and of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1791 . His wife was not a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad woman, but she was not a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• MOTHER

mother . Vain and capricious, passionate and self-indulgent, she mismanaged her son from his See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, now provoking him by her foolish fondness, and now exciting his contempt by her paroxysms of impotent rage . She neither looked nor spoke like a gentlewoman; but in the conduct of her affairs she was praiseworthy . She hated and avoided See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, and when See also:

• RELIEF

relief came (a See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension of £300 a See also:

• YEAR

year) she spent most of it upon her son . Fairly well educated, she was not without a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for books, and her letters are sensible and to the point . But the violence of her See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper was abnormal .

Her father committed See also:

• SUICIDE (from Lat. sui, of oneself, and cidium, from cued ere, to kill)

suicide, and it is possible that she inherited a tendency to See also:

• MENTAL

mental derangement . If Byron owed anything to his parents it was a plea for See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon . The poet's first years were spent in lodgings at See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen . From 1794 to 1798 he attended the See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school, " threading all classes " till he reached the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth . It was a good beginning, a solid See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, enabling him from the first to keep a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over his talents and to turn them to a set purpose . He was lame from his birth . His right See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg and See also:

• FOOT

foot, possibly both feet, were contracted by infantile See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis, and, to strengthen his muscles, his mother sent him in the summers of 1796, 1797 to a See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house on Deeside . He walked with difficulty, but he wandered at will, soothed and inspired by the grandeur of the scenery . To his Scottish upbringing he owed his love of mountains,his love and knowledge of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible,and too much Calvinism for faith or unfaith in See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The See also:

• DEATH

death of his great-See also:

• UNCLE

uncle (May 19, 1798) placed him in possession of the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title and estates . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in the autumn Mrs Byron travelled See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south with her son and his See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse, and for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time made her See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home at Newstead See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey . Byron was old enough to know what had befallen him .

" It was a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from a shabby Scotch See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat to a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace," a half-ruined palace, indeed, but his very own . It was a proud moment, but in a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks he was once more in lodgings . The shrunken leg did not improve, and acting on bad See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice his mother entrusted him to the care of a See also:

• QUACK

quack named See also:

• LAVENDER

Lavender, See also:

• TRUSS (from O. Fr. trusser, trosser, torser, trousser, to pack, bind, gird up, Low Lat. tortiare, formed from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist; cf. " torch " and " trousers," also trousseau, a bride's outfit, literally a small pack or bundle)

truss-maker to the general See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital at Nottingham . His nurse who was in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of him maltreated him, and the quack tortured him to no purpose . At his own See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request he read See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero with a See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor . In August 1799 he was sent to a preparatory school at See also:

• DULWICH

Dulwich . The See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, Dr Glennie, perceived that the boy liked See also:

• READING

reading for its own See also:

• SAKE

sake and gave him the See also:

• FREE

free run of his library . He read a set of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Poets from beginning to end more than once . This, too, was an See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation and a preparation . He remained at Dulwich till See also:

• APRIL

April 18o1, when, on his mother's intervention, he was sent to See also:

• HARROW

Harrow . His school days, 1801-1805, were fruitful in two respects . He learned enough Latin and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek to make him a classic, if not a classical See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, and he made See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends with his equals and superiors .

He learned something of his own See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth and of the worth of others . " My school-friendships," he says, " were with me passions." Two of his closest friends died See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, and from Lord See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare, whom he loved best of all, he was separatedby See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance'and circumstance . He was an See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd mixture, now lying dreaming on his favourite tombstone in the See also:

• CHURCHYARD
• CHURCHYARD, THOMAS (c. 152o-16o4)

churchyard, now the See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring-See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader in whatever See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief was afoot . He was a " See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record " swimmer, and, in spite of his lameness, enough of a cricketer to See also:

• PLAY

play for his school at Lord's, and yet he found time to read and master See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, and to acquire more general knowledge than boys and masters put together . In the midsummer of 1803, when he was in his sixteenth year, he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in love, once for all, with his distant relative, See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne Chaworth, a " See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor heiress " of the See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall and See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park of Annesley which See also:

• MARCHES, THE (It. Le Marche)

marches with Newstead . Two years his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior, she was already engaged to a neighbouring See also:

• SQUIRE

squire . There were meetings half-way between Newstead and Annesley, of which she thought little and he only too much . What was See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport to the girl was death to the boy, and when at length he realized the " hopelessness of his See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment," he was " thrown out," as he said, " alone, on a wide, wide See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea." She is the subject of at least five of his early poems, including the pathetic stanzas, " Hills of Annesley," and there are allusions to his love See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story in Childe Harold (c . 1 s.v.), and in "The See also:

• DREAM (from a root dreug, connected with Germ. trugen, to deceive)

Dream" (1816) . Byron went into See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 18o5 . Cambridge did him no good . " The place is the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil," he said, and according to his own showing he did See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to the See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius loci .

But whatever he did or failed to do, he made friends who were worthy of his choice . Among them were the scholar-See also:

• DANDY

dandy See also:

• SCROPE
• SCROPE, GEORGE JULIUS POULETT (1797—1876)

Scrope Berdmore See also:

• DAVIES (DAvIslus), JOHN (1679-1732)
• DAVIES, DAVID CHARLES (1826-1891)
• DAVIES, RICHARD (c. 1505—1581)
• DAVIES, SIR JOHN (1569-1626)
• DAVIES, SIR LOUIS HENRY (1845— )

Davies, See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• HODGSON, BRIAN HOUGHTON (1800-1894)

Hodgson, who died See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of See also:

• ETON

Eton, and, best friend of all, John See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam See also:

• HOBHOUSE, ARTHUR HOEHOUSE

Hobhouse (afterwards Lord See also:

• BROUGHTON, HUGH (1549-1612)
• BROUGHTON, JOHN CAM HOBHOUSE, BARON (1786-1869)

Broughton) . And there was another friend, a chorister named Edleston, a " humble youth " for whom he formed a romantic attachment . He died whilst Byron was still abroad (May 1811), but not unwept nor unsung, if, as there is little doubt, the mysterious Thyrza poems of 1811, 1812 refer to his death . During the vacation of 18o6, and in 1807 which was one " See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long vacation," he took to his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen, and wrote, printed and published most of his " Juvenile Poems." His first venture was a thin See also:

• QUARTO

quarto of sixty-six pages, printed by S. and J . See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

Ridge of See also:

• NEWARK
• NEWARK (NEWARK-UPON-TRENT)
• NEWARK, DAVID LESLIE, LORD (1601-1682)

Newark . The " See also:

• ADVERTISEMENT, or ADVERTISING (Fr. avertissement, warning, or notice)

advertisement " is dated the 23rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 18o6, but before that date he had begun to prepare a second collection for the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . One poem (" To Mary ") contained at least one See also:

• STANZA (Low Lat. stantia, Ital. stantia or stanza)

stanza which was frankly indecent, and yielding to advice he gave orders that the entire issue should be thrown into the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire . Early in January 1807 an expurgated collection entitled Poems on Various Occasions was ready for private See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . Encouraged by two critics, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie and Lord Woodhouselee, he determined to recast this second issue and publish it under his own name . See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

Hours of Idleness, " by George Gordon Lord Byron, a minor," was published in See also:

• JUNE

June 1807 . The fourth and last issue of Juvenilia, entitled Poems, See also:

• ORIGINAL

Original and Translated, was published in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 18o8 .

Hours of Idleness enjoyed a brief See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph . The See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical and other reviews were " very indulgent," but the See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review for January 18o8 contained an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, not, as Byron believed, by See also:

• JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey, but by See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham, which put, or tried to put, the author and " his poesy " to open shame . The sole result was that it supplied fresh material and a new title for some rhyming couplets on " British Bards " which he had begun to write . A See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on Jeffrey, the editor, and Lord See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, the See also:

• PATRON

patron of the Edinburgh Review, was slipped into the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of " British Bards," and the poem rechristened English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (published the 1st of March 1809) . In April 18o8, whilst he was still "a minor," Byron entered upon his See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance . Hitherto the less ruinous portions of the abbey had been occupied by a See also:

• TENANT (from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenant, Lord See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey de See also:

• RUTHVEN

Ruthven . The banqueting hall, the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DRAWING

drawing-See also:

• ROOM

room, and other parts of the monastic See also:

• BUILDING

building were uninhabitable, but by incurring fresh debts, two sets of apartments were refurnished for Byron and for his mother . Dismantled and ruinous, it was still a splendid inheritance . In See also:

• LINE

line with the front of the abbey is the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west front of the priory See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, with its hollow See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch, once a " mighty window," its vacant niches, its delicate See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• MOULDINGS

mouldings . The abbey buildings enclose a grassy quadrangle overlooked by two-storeyed cloisters . On the eastern See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side are the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state apartments occupied by See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and queens not as guests, but by feudal right . In the park, which ii See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• SHERWOOD, MARY MARTHA (1775-1851)

Sherwood See also:

• FOREST

Forest, there is a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of lakes—the largest, the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west, Byron's " lucid See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake." A See also:

• WATERFALL

waterfall or " cascade " issues from the lake, in' full view of the room where Byron slept .

The possession of this lordly and historic domain was an See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration in itself . It was an ideal See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne for one who was to be hailed as the spirit or genius of See also:

• ROMANCE

romance . On the 13th of March 'Soo, be took his seat in the House of Lords . He had determined, as soon as he was of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, to travel in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, but before he sought " another See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone " he invited Hobhouse and three others to a house-warming . One of the party, C . S . See also:

• MATTHEWS, STANLEY (1824-1889)

Matthews, describes a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day at Newstead . See also:

• HOST

Host and guests See also:

• LAY

lay in See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed till one . " The afternoon was passed in various diversions, See also:

• FENCING

fencing, single-stick . . . See also:

• RIDING

riding, See also:

• CRICKET
• CRICKET (Gryllidae)

cricket, sailing on the lake." They dined at eight, and after the See also:

• CLOTH

cloth was removed handed See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round " a human See also:

• SKULL

skull filled with See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy." After See also:

• DINNER

dinner they " buffooned about the house " in a set of monkish dresses . They went to bed some time between one and three in the See also:

• MORNING

morning . See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore thinks that the picture of these festivities is " pregnant in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character," and argues that there were limits to the misbehaviour of the " wassailers." The story, as told in Childe Harold (c .

1. s. v.-ix.), need not be taken too seriously . Byron was angry because Lord De La Warr did not wish him good-bye, and visited his displeasure on friends and " lemans " alike . May and June were devoted to the preparation of an enlarged edition of his satire . At length, accompanied by Hobhouse and a small See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of retainers, he set out on his travels . He sailed from See also:

• FALMOUTH

Falmouth on the 2nd of See also:

• JULY

July and reached See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon on the 7th of July 18oq . The first two cantos of Childe Harold's See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

Pilgrimage contain a record of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal events of his first year of See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence . The first See also:

• CANTO (from the Lat. cantus, a song)

canto describes Lisbon, See also:

• CINTRA

Cintra, the ride through See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain to See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville and thence to See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz . He is moved by the grandeur of the scenery, but laments the helplessness of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people and their impending See also:

• FATE

fate . Talavera was fought and won whilst he was in Spain, but he is convinced that the " See also:

• SCOURGE (Ital. scoriada, from Lat. excoriare, to flay, corium, skin)

Scourge of the See also:

• WORLD

World " will prevail, and that See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, " the fond ally," will display her blundering heroism in vain . Being against the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, he is against the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . History has falsified his politics, but his descriptions of places and scenes, of " Morena's dusky height," of Cadiz and the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-fight, retain their freshness and their warmth . Byron sailed from See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar on the 16th of August, and spent a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month at See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta making love to Mrs See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (the " See also:

• FAIR

Fair See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence " of c .

11. s. See also:

• XXIX

xxix.-xxxiii.) . He anchored off Prevesa on the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . The second canto records a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey ,on horseback through See also:

• ALBANIA

Albania, then almost a terra incognita, as far as Tepeleni, where he was entertained by See also:

• ALI

Ali Pacha (October 2oth), a See also:

• YACHTING

yachting tour along the shores of the Ambracian Gulf (See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 8-23), a journey by See also:

• LAND

land from Larnaki to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens (December 15-25) , and excursions in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, Suniumand See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon (January 13-25, 1810) . Of the tour in See also:

• ASIA

Asia Minor, a visit to See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus (March 15, 181o), an excursion in the See also:

• TROAD, CERAMICS, PLATE

Troad (April 13), and the famous swim across the See also:

• HELLESPONT (i.e. " Sea of Helle "; variously named in classical literature `EXX oirov-ros, o "EXXns a6vros, Hellespontum Pelagus, and Rectum Hellesponticum)

Hellespont (May 3), the record is to be sought elsewhere . The stanzas on See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (lxxvii.-lxxxii.), where Byron and Hobhouse stayed for two months, though written at the time and on the spot, were not included in the poem till 1814 . They are, probably, part of a projected third canto . On the 14th of July Hobhouse set See also:

• SAIL

sail for See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and Byron returned to Athens . Of Byron's second year of residence in the East little is known beyond the See also:

• BARE

bare facts that he was travelling in the Morea during August and September, that early in October he was at See also:

• PATRAS (Gr. Patrai)

Patras, having just recovered from a severe attack of malarial See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever, and that by the 14th of November he had returned to Athens and taken up his quarters at the Franciscan See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent . Of his movements during the next five months there is no record, but of his studies and pursuits there is substantial See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . He learnt Romaic, he compiled the notes to the second canto of Childe Harold . He wrote (March 12) Hints from See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace (published1831), an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation or loose See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Epistola ad Pisones (See also:

• ART

Art of See also:

• POETRY

Poetry), and (March 17) The Curse of See also:

• MINERVA

Minerva (published 1815), a skit on Lord See also:

• ELGIN

Elgin's See also:

• DEPORTATION

deportation of the metopes and See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze of the See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon . He See also:

• LEFT

left Athens in April, passed some weeks at Malta, and landed at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth (c .

July 20) . Arrived in London his first step was to consult his See also:

• LITERARY

literary adviser, R . C . See also:

• DALLAS
• DALLAS, ALEXANDER JAMES (1759-1817)
• DALLAS, GEORGE MIFFLIN (1792-1864)

Dallas, with regard to the publication of Hints from Horace . Of Childe Harold he said nothing, but after some hesitation produced the MS. from a " small See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk," and, presenting hint with the See also:

• COPYRIGHT

copyright, commissioned Dallas to offer it to a publisher . Rejected by See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller of See also:

• ALBEMARLE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Albemarle Street, who published for Lord Elgin, it was finally accepted by See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray of See also:

• FLEET

Fleet Street, who undertook to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the profits of an edition with Dallas . Meanwhile Mrs Byron died suddenly from a stroke of See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy . Byron set off at once for Newstead, but did not find his mother alive . He had but little See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for her while she lived, but her death touched him to the See also:

• QUICK

quick . " I had but one friend," he exclaimed, " and she is gone." Another loss awaited him . Whilst his mother lay dead in his house, he heard that his friend Matthews had been drowned in the Cam . Edleston and Wing-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field had died in May, but the See also:

• NEWS

news had reached him on landing .

There were troubles on every side . On the 11th of October he wrote the " See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to a Friend " (" Oh, banish care," &c.) and the lines " To Thyrza," which; with other elegies, were appended to the second edition pf Childe Harold (April 17, 1812) . It was this cry of desolation, this open profession of See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy, which at first excited the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of contemporaries, and has since been decried as morbid and unreal . No one who has read his letters can doubt the sincerity of his grief, but it is no less true that he measured and appraised its literary significance . He could and did turn it to See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the year he made friends with Moore . Some lines in English Bards, &c . (ii . 466-467), taunting Moore with fighting a See also:

• DUEL (Ital. duello, Lat. duellum—old form of bellum-from duo, two)

duel with Jeffrey with " leadless See also:

• PISTOL

pistol " had led to a See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge, and it was not till Byron returned to England that explanations ensued, and that the challenge was withdrawn . As a poet Byron outgrew Moore, giving back more than he had received, but the friendship which sprang up between them still serves Byron in good See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead . Moore's See also:

• LIFE

Life of Byron (183o) is no doubt a picture of the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man at his best, but it is a genuine likeness . At the end of October Byron moved to London and took up his quarters at 8 St James's Street .

On the 27th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1812 he made his first speech in the House of Lords on a See also:

• BILL

bill which made the wilful destruction of certain newly invented See also:

• STOCKING (a diminutive of " stock," post, stump, properly that which is stuck or fixed)

stocking-frames a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital offence, speaking in See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the riotous " hands " who feared that their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers would be diminished by improved machinery . It was a brilliant speech and won the praise of See also:

• BURDETT, SIR FRANCIS (1770-1844)

Burdett and Lord Holland . He made two other speeches during the same session, but thenceforth See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride or laziness kept him silent . Childe Harold (4to) was published on Tuesday, the loth of March 1812 . "The effect," says Moore, " was . . . electric, his fame . . . seemed to See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, like the palace of a See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, in a See also:

• NIGHT

night." A fifth edition (8vo) was issued on the 5th of December 1812 . Just turned twenty-four he " found himself famous," a great poet, a rising statesman . Society, which in spite of his See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank had neglected him, was now at his feet . But he could not keep what he had won . It was not only " villainous See also:

• COMPANY

company," as he put it, which was to prove his " spoil," but the opportunity for intrigue . The excitement and absorption of one reigning See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion after another destroyed his See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of mind and put him out of conceit with himself .

His first affair of any moment was with See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

Lamb the wife of William Lamb, better known as Lord See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne, a delicate, See also:

• GOLDEN

golden-haired sprite, who threw herself in his way, and afterwards, when she was shaken off, involved him in her own disgrace . To her succeeded Lady See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, who was See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double hie own age, and Lady Frances See also:

• WEDDERBURN, JAMES (1495?-1533), JOHN (1500-1556)

Wedderburn See also:

• WEBSTER
• WEBSTER, ALEXANDER (1707-1784)
• WEBSTER, BENJAMIN NOTTINGHAM (1797-1882)
• WEBSTER, DANIEL (1782-1852)
• WEBSTER, JOHN (fl. 1602-1624)
• WEBSTER, NOAH (1758-1843)
• WEBSTER, THOMAS (1773-1844)
• WEBSTER, THOMAS (1800-1886)

Webster, the " Ginevra " of his sonnets, the " Medora " of The See also:

• CORSAIR (through the Fr. from the Med. Lat. cursarius, a pirate; cursus, or cursa, from currere, to run, being Late Latin for a plundering foray)

Corsair . His " way of life " was inconsistent with an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official career, but there was no slackening of his poetical energies . In February 1813 he published The Waltz (anonymously), he wrote and published The See also:

• GIAOUR (a Turkish adaptation of the Pers. gdwr or gbr, an infidel)

Giaour (published June 5, 1813) and The See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

Bride of See also:

• ABYDOS

Abydos (published November 29, 1813), and he wrote The Corsair (published February 1, 1814) . The See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish Tales were even more popular than Childe Harold . Murray sold Io,000 copies of The Corsair on the day of publication . Byron was at pains to make his accessories correct . He prided himself on the accuracy of his " See also:

• COSTUME
• COSTUME (through the Fr. costume, from Ital. costume, Late Lat. costuma, a contracted form of Lat. consuetudinem, ace. of consuetudo, custom, habit, manner, &c.)

costume." He was under no delusion as to the ethical or See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic value of these experiments on " public See also:

• PATIENCE

patience." In the summer of 1813 a new and potent See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence came into his life . Mrs Leigh, whose home was at See also:

• NEWMARKET

Newmarket, came up to London on a visit . After a long See also:

• INTERVAL

interval the brother and sister met, and whether there is or is not any foundation for the dark story obscurely hinted at in Byron's lifetime, and afterwards made public See also:

• PROPERTY

property by Mrs See also:

• BEECHER, CHARLES EMERSON (1856-1904)
• BEECHER, HENRY WARD (1813-1887)
• BEECHER, LYMAN (1775—1863)

Beecher See also:

• STOWE, HARRIET ELIZABETH [BEECHER] (1811-1896)

Stowe (See also:

• MACMILLAN

Macmillan's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine, 1869, pp . 377-396), there is no question as to the See also:

• DEPTH

depth and sincerity of his love for his " one relative,"—that her well-being was more to him than his own . Byron passed the " seasons " of 1813, 1814 in London .

His manner of life we know from his See also:

• JOURNALS

journals . Socially he was on the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the See also:

• WAVE

wave . He was a welcome See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest at the great Whig houses, at Lady Melbourne's, at Lady See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey's, at Holland House . See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan and Moore, See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers and See also:

• CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER (1788–1866)
• CAMPBELL, BEATRICE STELLA (Mrs PATRICK CAMPBELL) (1865– )
• CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–1796)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN
• CAMPBELL, JOHN (1708-1775)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN CAMPBELL, BARON (1779-1861)
• CAMPBELL, JOHN FRANCIS
• CAMPBELL, LEWIS (1830-1908)
• CAMPBELL, REGINALD JOHN (1867— )
• CAMPBELL, THOMAS (1777—1844)

Campbell, were his intimates and companions . He was a member of the See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred, of Watier's, of the See also:

• COCOA

Cocoa See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

Tree, and half a dozen clubs besides . After the publication of The Corsair he had promised an ipterval of silence, but the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon evoked " An See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode," &c., in his dishonour (April 16); See also:

• LARA

Lara, a See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

Tale, an informal sequel to The Corsair, was published anonymously on August 6, 1814 . Newstead had been put up for See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, but pending the completion of the See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract was still in his possession . During his last visit but one, whilst his sister was his guest, he became engaged to See also:

• MISS

Miss 'See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella Milbanke (b . May 17, 1792; d . May 16, 186o), the only daughter of Sir See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Milbanke, See also:

• BART, JEAN (1651-1702)

Bart., and the Hon . See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith (born See also:

• NOEL, RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834-1894)

Noel), daughter of Lord See also:

• WENTWORTH, WILLIAM CHARLES (1793-1872)

Wentworth . .She was an heiress, and in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to a peerage in her own right (becoming Baroness Wentworth in 1856) .

She was a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty girl of " a perfect figure," highly educated, a mathematician, and, by See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy, a poetess . She had rejected Byron's first offer, but, believing that her See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty had broken his See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and that he was an altered man, she was now determined on marriage . High-principled, but self-willed and opinionated, she believed that she held her future in her own hands . On her side there was ambition touched with See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy—on his, a wish to be married and some See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope perhaps of finding an See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from himself . The marriage took place at Seaham in See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham on the 2nd of January 1815 . Bride and bridegroom spent three months in paying visits, and at the end of March settled at 13 Piccadilly See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

Terrace, London . Byron was a member of the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of management of See also:

• DRURY, SIR WILLIAM (1527-1579)

Drury See also:

• LANE, EDWARD WILLIAM (1801–1876)
• LANE, JAMES HENRY (1814–1866)

Lane See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, and devoted much of his time to his professional duties . He wrote but little poetry . See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Melodies (published April 1815), begun at Seaham in October 1814, were finished and given to the musical composer, See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac Nathan, for publication . The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

Siege of See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth and Parisina (published February 7, 1816) were got ready for the press . On the loth of December Lady Byron gave birth to a daughter christened Augusta Ada . To See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge from, his letters, for the first weeks or months of his marriage things went smoothly .

His wife's impression was that Byron " had avowedly begun his revenge from the first." It is certain that before the child was born his conduct was so harsh, so violent, and so See also:

• ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric, that she believed, or tried to persuade herself, that he was mad . On the 15th of January 1816 Lady Byron left London for her father's house, claimed his See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, and after some hesitation and consultation with her legal advisers demanded a separation from her husband . It is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• COMMON

common knowledge that in 1869 Mrs Beecher Stowe affirmed that Lady Byron expressly told her that Byron was guilty of See also:

• INCEST (Lat. incestus, unchaste)

incest with his half-sister, Mrs Leigh; also that in 1905 the second Lord See also:

• LOVELACE, RICHARD (1618-1658)

Lovelace (Lord Byron's grandson) printed a See also:

• WORK

work entitled See also:

• ASTARTE

Astarte which was designed to uphold and to prove the truth of this charge . It is a fact that neither Lady Byron nor her adviserssupported their demand by this or any other charge of misconduct, but it is also a fact that Lord Byron yielded to the demand reluctantlx, under pressure and for large pecuniary considerations . It is a fact that Lady Byron's letters to Mrs Leigh before and after the separation are inconsistent with a knowledge or suspicion of See also:

• GUILT

guilt on the part of her 'sister-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, but it is also a fact (see Astarte, pp . 142-145) that she signed a document (dated March 14, 1816) to the effect that any renewal of intercourse did not involve and must not be construed as a withdrawal of the charge . It cannot be doubted that Lady Byron's conviction that her husband's relations with his half-sister before his marriage had been of an immoral character was a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in her demand for a separation, but whether there were other and what issues, and whether Lady Byron's conviction was founded on fact, are questions which have not been finally answered . Lady Byron's charge, as reported by Mrs Beecher Stowe and upheld by the 2nd See also:

• EARL

earl of Lovelace, is " non-proven." Mr See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Edgcome, in Byron: the Last Phase (1909), insists that Mary Chaworth was the real See also:

• OBJECT

object of Byron's passion, and that Mrs Leigh was only shielding her . The separation of Lord and Lady Byron was the talk of the See also:

• TOWN

town . Two poems entitled " Fare Thee Well " and " A See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch," which Byron had written and printed for private circulation, were published by The See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

Champion on See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday, April 14 . The other London papers one by one followed suit . The poems, more especially " A Sketch," were provocative of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism .

There was a See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, but politics turned the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Byron had recently published some See also:

• PRO

pro-Gallican stanzas, "On the `See also:

• STAR

Star of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour,'" in the Examiner (April 7), and it was See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt by many that private dishonour was the outcome of public disloyalty . The Whigs defended Byron as best they could, but his own world, with one or two exceptions, ostracized him . The " excommunicating See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice of society," as Moore put it, was loud and insistent . The articles of separation were signed on or about the 18th of April, and on Sunday, the 25th of April, Byron sailed from See also:

• DOVER
• DOVER, GEORGE JAMES WELBORE
• DOVER, HENRY JERMYN, EARL OF (c. 1636-1708)
• DOVER, ROBERT (1575-1641)

Dover for See also:

• OSTEND (Flemish and French Ostende)

Ostend . The " Lines on See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill's See also:

• GRAVE

Grave " were written whilst he was waiting for a favourable See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind . His route lay through the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, and by the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland . On his way he halted at See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels and visited the field of See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo . He reached See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva on the 25th of May, where he met by See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment at Dejean's Hotel d'Angleterre, See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley, Mary See also:

• GODWIN, FRANCIS (1562-1633)
• GODWIN, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797)
• GODWIN, WILLIAM

Godwin and Clare (or " Claire ") Clairmont . The See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting was probably at the instance of Claire, who had recently become, and aspired to remain, Byron's See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress . On the loth of June Byron moved to the See also:

• VILLA

Villa See also:

• DIODATI, GIOVANNI (1576-1649)

Diodati on the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the lake . Shelley and his party had already settled at an adjoining villa, the Campagne Montalegre .

The friends were constantly together . On the 23rd of June Byron and Shelley started for a yachting tour round the lake . They visited the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Chillon on the 26th of June, and, being detained by See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather at the Hotel de 1'Ancre, Ouchy, Byron finished (June 27-29) the third canto of Childe Harold (published November 18), and began the Prisoner of Chilton (published December 5, 1816) . These and other poems of July-September 1816, e.g . " The Dream " and the first two acts of See also:

• MANFRED (c. 1232–1266)

Manfred (published June 16, 1817), betray the influence of Shelley, and through him of See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, both in thought and See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . Byron knew that Wordsworth had See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but was against his theories, and resented his criticism of See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope and See also:

• DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700)

Dryden . Shelley was a believer and a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple, and converted Byron to the Wordsworthian creed . Moreover he was an inspiration in himself . Intimacy with Shelley left Byron a greater poet than he was before . Byron passed the summer at the Villa Diodati, where he also wrote the Monody on the Death of Sheridan, published September 9, 1816 . The second half of September was spent and devoted to "an excursion in the mountains." His See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal (September 18-29), which was written for and sent to Mrs Leigh, is a great See also:

• PROSE

prose poem, the source of the word pictures of Alpine scenery in Manfred . His old friend Hobhouse was with him and he enjoyed himself, but at the close he confesses that he could not lose his " own wretched identity " in the " See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty and the power and the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory " of nature .

Remorse was scotched, not killed . On the 6th of October Byron and Hobhouse started via See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan and See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona for See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, which was reached early in November . For the next three years Byron lived in or near Venice—at first, 1816-1817, in apartments in the Frezzeria, and after January 1818 in the central See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of the See also:

• MOCENIGO

Mocenigo palace . Venice appealed both to his higher and his See also:

• LOWER

lower nature . He set himself to study her history, to understand her constitution, to learn her See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . The See also:

• SIGHTS

sights and scenes with which See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare and See also:

• OTWAY, THOMAS (1652-1685)

Otway, See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller's Ghostseer, and Madame de See also:

• STAEL, MADAME DE

Stael's Corinne had made him See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar, were before his eyes, not dreams but realities . He would " repeople " her with her own past, and " See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp her See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image " on the creations of his pen . But he had no one to live for but himself, and that self he gave over to a reprobate mind . He planned and pursued a life of deliberate profligacy . Of two of his amours we learn enough or too much from his letters to Murray and to Moore—the first with his landlord's wife, Marianna Segati, the second with See also:

• MARGARITA

Margarita Cogni (the " Fornarina "), a Venetian of the lower class, who amused him with her savagery and her wit .. But, if Shelley may be trusted, there was a limit to his candour . There is abundant See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, but there is an See also:

• ECONOMY

economy of detail in his pornographic See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle .

He could not See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch without being defiled . But to do him See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice he was never idle . He kept his brains at work, and for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, perhaps, he seems for a time to have recovered his See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits and sinned with a good courage . His See also:

• SONG

song of See also:

• CARNIVAL (Med. Lat. carnelevarium, from taro, tarns, flesh, and levare, to lighten or put aside; the derivation from valere, to say farewell, is unsupported)

carnival, " So we'll go no more a-roving," is a hymn of triumph . About the middle of April he set out for See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . His first See also:

• HALT

halt was at See also:

• FERRARA

Ferrara, which inspired the " Lament of See also:

• TASSO, TORQUATO (1544-1595)

Tasso " (published July 17, 1817) . He passed through Florence, where he saw " the See also:

• VENUS

Venus " (of See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici) in the Uffizi See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery, by reedy Thrasymene and See also:

• TERNI (anc. Interamna Nahars)

Terni's " matchless See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract " to " Rome the Wonderful." At Rome, with Hobhouse as See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion and See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide, he stayed three weeks . He returned to Venice on the 28th of May, but shortly removed to a villa at Mira on the Brenta, some 7 M. inland . A month later (June 26) when memory had selected and reduced to See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order the first impressions of his tour, he began to work them up into a fourth canto of Childe Harold . A first draft of 126 stanzas was finished by the 29th of July; the 6o additional stanzas which made up the canto as it stands were written up to material suggested by or supplied by Hobhouse, " who put his researches " at Byron's disposal and wrote the learned and elaborate notes which are appended to the poem . Among the books which Murray sent out to Venice was a copy of Hookham See also:

• FRERE, JOHN HOOKHAM (1769-1846)
• FRERE, PIERRE EDOUARD (1819-1886)
• FRERE, SIR HENRY BARTLE EDWARD (1815-1884)

Frere's Whistlecraft . Byron took the hint and produced Beppo, a Venetian Story (published anonymously on the 28th of February 1818) .

He attributes his choice of the See also:

• MOCK

mock heroic ottava-rima to Frere's example, but he was certainly familiar with See also:

• CASTI, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1721–1803)

Casti's Novelle, and, according to Stendhal, with the poetry of Buratti . The success of Beppo and a growing sense that " the excellent manner of Whistlecraft" was the manner for him, led him to study Frere's masters and See also:

• MODELS

models, See also:

• BERNI, FRANCESCO (1497–1536)

Berni and See also:

• PULCI, LUIGI (1431-1487)

Pulci . An See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident had led to a great See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery . The fourth canto of Childe Harold was published on the 28th of April 1818 . Nearly three months went by before Murray wrote to him, and he began to think that his new poem was a failure . Meanwhile he completed an " Ode on Venice," in which he laments her apathy and decay, and contrasts the tyranny of the Old World with the new birth of freedom in See also:

• AMERICA

America . In September he began See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Juan . His own account of the inception of his last and greatest work is characteristic but misleading . He says (September 9) that his new poem is to be in the style of Beppo, and is " meant to be a little quietly facetious about everything." A year later (August 12, 1819), he says that he neither has nor had a See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan—but that " he had or has materials." By materials he means books, such as Dalzell's Shipwrecks and Disasters by Sea, or de See also:

• CASTELNAU, MICHEL DE, SIEUR DE LA MAUVTSSIERE (c. 1520-1592)

Castelnau's Histoire de la nouvelle Russie, &c., which might be regarded as poetry in the rough . The See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication to Robert See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey (not published till 1833) is a See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

prologue to the play . The " Lakers " had given samples of their poetry, their politics and their morals, and now it was his turn to speak and to speak out . He too would write " An Excursion." He doubted that Don Juan might be " too free for these modest days." It was too free for the public, for his publisher, even for his mistress; and the " building up of the See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama," as Shelley puts it, was a slow and See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• PROCESS

process .

Cantos 1., n. were published (4to) on the 15th of July 1819; Cantos 111., 1v., v., finished in November 182o, were not published till the 8th of August 1821 . Cantos v1.-xvi., written between June 1822 and March 1823, were published at intervals between the 15th of July 1823 and the 26th of March 1824 . Canto xvi1. was begun in May 1823, but was never finished . A fragment of fourteen stanzas, found in his room at See also:

• MISSOLONGHI, or MESOLONGHI (MaroMyyeov)

Missolonghi, was first published in 1903 . He did not put all his materials into Don Juan . " Mazeppa, a tale of the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• UKRAINE (" frontier ")

Ukraine," based on a passage in See also:

• VOLTAIRE, FRANCOIS MARIE AROUET DE (1694–1778)

Voltaire's See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XII., was finished by the 3oth of September 1818 and published with " An Ode " (on Venice) on the 28th of June 1819 . In the spring of 1819 Byron met in Venice, and formed a connexion with, an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian lady of rank, Teresa (born Gamba), wife of the!See also:

• CAVALIERE, EMILIO DEL

Cavaliere Guiccioli . She was young and beautiful, well-read and accomplished . Married at sixteen to a man nearly four times her age, she fell in love with Byron at first sight, soon became and for nearly four years remained his mistress . A good and true wife to him in all but name, she won from Byron ample devotion and a prolonged constancy . Her See also:

• VOLUME

volume of Recollections (Lord Byron See also:

• JUGE, BOFFILLE DE (d. 1502)

juge See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par See also:

• LES

les temoins de sa See also:

• VIE

vie, 1868), taken for what it is worth, is testimony in Byron's favour . The countess left Venice for See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna at the end of April; within a month she sent for Byron, and on the loth of June he arrived at Ravenna and took rooms in the Strada di See also:

• PORTO

Porto Sisi .

The house (now No . 295) is close to See also:

• DANTE

Dante's See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, and to gratify the countess and pass the time he wrote the " Prophecy of Dante " (published April 2r, 1821) . According to the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface the poem was a metrical experiment, an exercise in terza rima; but it had a deeper significance . It was " intended for the Italians." Its purport was revolutionary . In the fourth canto of Childe Harold, already translated into Italian, he had attacked the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and " See also:

• ALBION
• ALBION (in Ptolemy 'A)wviw; Lat. Albion, Pliny 4.16[301,102)

Albion most of all " for her betrayal of Venice, and knowing that his word had See also:

• WEIGHT

weight he appeals to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of his See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption to strike a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow for freedom—to "unite." It is difficult to realize the force or extent of Byron's influence on See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental opinion . His own countrymen admired his poetry, but abhorred and laughed at his politics . Abroad he was the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet and champion of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty . His hatred of tyranny—his defence of the oppressed—was a word spoken in See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season when there were few to speak but many to listen . It brought See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation and encouragement, and it was not spoken in vain . It must, however, be borne in mind that Byron was more of a king-hater than a people-See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover . He was against the oppressors, but he disliked and despised the oppressed . He was aristocrat by conviction as well as birth, and if he espoused a popular cause it was de haul en bas .

His connexion with the Gambas brought him into touch with the revolutionary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, and thence-forth he was under the espionage of the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy at Rome . He was suspected and " shadowed," but he was left alone . Early in September Byron returned to La Mira, bringing the countess with him . A month later he was surprised by a visit from Moore, who was on his way to Rome . Byron installed Moore in the Mocenigo palace and visited him daily . Before the final parting (October 11) Byron placed in Moore's hands the MS. of his Life and Adventures brought down to the close of 1816 . Moore, as Byron suggested, pledged the MS. to Murray for 2000 guineas, to be Moore's property if redeemed in Byron's lifetime, but if not, to be forfeit to Murray at Byron's death . On the 17th of May 1824, with Murray's assent and See also:

• GOODWILL

goodwill, the MS. was burned in the drawing-room of 50 Albemarle Street . Neither Murray nor Moore lost their See also:

• MONEY

money . The See also:

• LONGMANS

Longmans See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent Moore a sufficient sum to repay Murray, and were themselves repaid out of the receipts of Moore's Life of Byron . Byron told Moore that the memoranda were not " confessions," that they were " the truth but not the whole truth." This, no doubt, was the truth, and the whole truth . Whatever they may or may not have contained, they did not explain the cause or causes of the separation from his wife.' At the close of 1819 Byron finally left Venice and settled at Ravenna in his own apartments in the Palazzo Guiccioli .

His relations with the countess were put on a See also:

• REGULAR

regular footing, and he was received in society as her cavaliere servente . At Ravenna his literary activity was greater than ever . His translation of the first canto of Pulci's Morgante See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore (published in the Liberal, No . IV., July 30, 1832), a laborious and scholarly achievement, was the work of the first two months of the year . From April to July he was at work on the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of See also:

• MARINO

Marino See also:

• FALIERO (or FALTER), MARINO (1279-1355)

Faliero, See also:

• DOGE

Doge of Venice, a tragedy in five acts (published April 21, 1821) . The See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot turns on an See also:

• EPISODE

episode in Venetian history known as La Congiura, the See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between the doge and the populace to overthrow the state . Byron spared no pains in preparing his materials . In so far as he is unhistorical, he errs in company with Sanudo and early Venetian See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles . Moved by the example of See also:

• ALFIERI, VITTORIO, COUNT (1749-1803)

Alfieri he strove to reform the British drama by " a severer approach to the rules." He would read his countrymen a " moral See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson " on the dramatic propriety of observing the three unities . It was an heroic attempt to reassert classical ideals in a romantic age, but it was " a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week` too See also:

• LATE

late "; Byron's " regular dramas " are admirably conceived and finely worded, but they are See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold and lifeless . Eighteen additional sheets of the Memvirs and a fifth canto of Don Juan were the pastime of the autumn, and in January 1821 Byron began to work on his second " See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical drama," See also:

• SARDANAPALUS, or SARDANAPALLUS

Sardanapalus . But politics intervened, and little progress was made .

He had been elected See also:

• CAPO

capo of the "Americani," a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

Carbonari, and his time was taken up with buying and storing arms and See also:

• AMMUNITION

ammunition, and consultations with leading conspirators . " The poetry of politics " and poetry on See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper did not go together . Meanwhile he would try his hand on prose . A controversy had arisen between See also:

• BOWLES, SAMUEL (1826–1878)
• BOWLES, WILLIAM LISLE (1762–185o)

Bowles and Campbell with regard to the merits of Pope . Byron rushed into the fray . To avenge and exalt Pope, to decry the " Lakers," and to lay down his own canons of art, Byron addressed two letters to * * * * * * * * * * (i.e . John Murray), entitled " Strictures on the Life and Writings of Pope." The first was published in 1821, the second in 1835 . The revolution in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy came to nothing, and by the 28th of May, Byron had finished his work on Sardanapalus . The Two See also:

• FOSCARI, FRANCESCO (1373-1457)

Foscari, a third historical drama, was begun on the 12th of June and finished on the 9th of July . On the same day he began See also:

• CAIN

Cain, a See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

Mystery . Cain was an attempt to dramatize the Old Testament; See also:

• LUCIFER (d. 370/1)
• LUCIFER (the Latinized form of Gr. 4scwo'4 bpos, " light-bearer ")

Lucifer's See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for himself and his See also:

• ARRAIGNMENT (from Lat. ad, to, and rationare, to reason, call to account)

arraignment of the Creator startled and shocked the orthodox . Theologically the offence lay in its detachment .

Cain was not irreverent or blasphemous, but it treated accepted dogmas as open questions . Cain was published in the same volume with the Two Foscari and Sardanapalus, December 19, 1821 . The " Blues," a skit upon literary coteries and their patronesses, was written in August . It was first published in The Liberal, No . III., April 26, 1823 . When Cain was finished Byron turned from grave to See also:

• GAY, JOHN (1685-1732)
• GAY, MARIE FRANCOISE SOPHIE (1776-1852)
• GAY, WALTER (1856– )

gay, from serious to humorous See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . Southey had thought See also:

• FIT

fit to eulogize George III. in See also:

• HEXAMETER

hexameter See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse . He called his funeral ode a " See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision of See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment." In the preface there was an obvious reference to Byron . The " Satanic School " of poetry was attributed to " men of diseased See also:

• HEARTS

hearts and depraved imaginations." Byron's revenge was See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . In his " Vision of Judgment " (published in The Liberal, No . I., October 15, 1822) the tables are turned . The See also:

• LAUREATE (Lat. laureatus, from laurea, the laurel tree)

laureate is brought before the hosts of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven and rejected by devils and angels alike .

In October Byron wrote Heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth, a Mystery (The Liberal, No . II., January 1, 1823), a lyrical drama based on the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of the " Watchers," or fallen angels of the See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch . The countess and her family had been expelled from Ravenna in ' An See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous work entitled The Life, Writings, £9'c. of . . . Lord Byron (3 vols., 1825) purports to give " Recollections of the Lately Destroyed See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

Manuscript." To judge by See also:

• INTERNAL

internal evidence (see" The See also:

• WEDDING

Wedding Day," &c. ii . 278-284) there is some measure of truth in this assertion, but the work as a whole is untrustworthy . July, but Byron still lingered on in his apartments in the Palazzo Guiccioli . At length (October 28) he set out for See also:

• PISA
• PISA, COUNCIL OF (1409)

Pisa . On the road he met his old friend, Lord Clare, and spent a few minutes in his company . Rogers, whom he met at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, was his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-traveller as far as Florence . At Pisa he rejoined the countess, who had taken on his behalf the Villa Lanfranchi on the See also:

• ARNO (anc. Arnus)
• ARNO, ARN

Arno . At Ravenna Byron had lived amongst Italians .

At Pisa he was surrounded by a See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot of his own countrymen, friends and acquaintances of the Shelleys . Among them were E . J . See also:

• TRELAWNY, EDWARD JOHN (1792-1881)
• TRELAWNY, SIR JONATHAN, BART

Trelawny, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Medwin, author of the well-known Conversations of Lord Byron (1824), and See also:

• EDWARD

Edward Elliker See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams . His first work at Pisa was to dramatize Miss See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee's Kruitzner, or the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German's Tale . He had written a first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act in 1815, but as the MS. was mislaid he made a fresh See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the story which he rechristened See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner, or the Inheritance . It was finished on the loth of January and published on the 23rd of November 1822 . Werner is in parts Kruitzner cut up into loose See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank verse, but it contains lines and passages of great and original merit . Alone of Byron's plays it took hold of the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage . See also:

• MACREADY, WILLIAM CHARLES (1793—1873)

Macready's " Werner " was a famous impersonation . In the spring of 1822 a heavy and unlooked-for sorrow befell Byron . Allegra, his natural daughter by Claire Clairmont, died at the convent of Bagna See also:

• CAVALLO, TIBERIUS (1749-1809)

Cavallo on the 2oth of April 1822 .

She was in her See also:

• SIXTH

sixth year, an interesting and attractive child, and he had hoped that her companionship would have atoned for his enforced separation from Ada . She is buried in a nameless grave at the entrance of Harrow church . Soon after the death of Allegra, Byron wrote the last of his eight plays, The Deformed Transformed (published by John See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

Hunt, February 20, 1824) . The " See also:

• SOURCES

sources " are See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe's See also:

• FAUST, or FAUSTUS

Faust, The Three See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

Brothers, a novel by See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua Pickersgill, and various chronicles of the See also:

• SACK

sack of Rome in 1527 . The theme or motif is the interaction of See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality and individuality . Remonstrances on the part of publisher and critic induced him to turn journalist . The See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of a news-paper or periodical would enable him to publish what and as he pleased . With this object in view he entered into a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of literary See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership with Leigh Hunt, and undertook to trans-See also:

• PORT

port him, his wife and six See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children to Pisa, and to See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

lodge them in the Villa Lanfranchi . The outcome of this arrangement was The Liberal—Verse and Prose from the South . Four numbers were issued between October 1822 and June 1823 . The Liberal did not succeed financially, and the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint See also:

• MENAGE, GILLES (1613-1692)

menage was a lament-able falure . See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence of Byron and some of his See also:

• CON

Con-temporaries (1828) was Hunt's revenge for the slights and indignities which he suffered in Byron's service .

Yachting was one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief amusements of the English See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony at Pisa . A See also:

• SCHOONER

schooner, the " See also:

• BOLIVAR
• BOLIVAR, SIMON (1783-1830)

Bolivar," was built for Byron, and a smaller See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat, the " Don Juan " re-named " Ariel," for Shelley . Hunt arrived at Pisa on the 1st of July . On the 8th of July Shelley, who had remained in Pisa on Hunt's account, started for a sail with his friend Williams and a lad named See also:

• VIVIAN, RICHARD HUSSEY VIVIAN, 1ST BARON (1775—1842)

Vivian . The " Ariel " was wrecked in the Gulf of See also:

• SPEZIA

Spezia and Shelley and his companions were drowned . On the 16th of August Byron and Hunt witnessed the " burning of Shelley " on the seashore near Via Reggio . Byron told Moore that " all of Shelley was consumed but the heart." Whilst the fire was burning Byron swam out to the " Bolivar " and back to the shore . The hot See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and the violent exercise brought on one of those many fevers which weakened his constitution and shortened his life . The Austrian government would not allow the Gambas or the countess Guiccioli to remain in Pisa . As a half measure Byron took a villa for them at Montenero near See also:

• LEGHORN (Ital. Livorno, Fr. Livourne)

Leghorn, but as the authorities were still dissatisfied they removed to See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa . Byron and Leigh Hunt left Pisa on the last day of September . On reaching Genoa Byron took up his quarters with the Gambas at the Casa See also:

• SALUZZO

Saluzzo, " a See also:

• FINE

fine old palazzo with an extensive view over the See also:

• BAY

bay," and Hunt and his party at the Casa Negroto with Mrs Shelley .

Life at Genoa was uneventful . Of Hunt and Mrs Shelley he saw as little as possible, and though his still unpublished poems were at the service of The Liberal, he did little or nothing to further its success . Each number was badly received . Byron had some reason to fear that his popularity was on the wane, and though he had broken with Murray and was offering Don Juan (cantos vI.-xII.) to John Hunt, the publisher of The Liberal, he meditated a " run down to See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples " and a recommencement of Childe Harold . There was a limit to his See also:

• DEFIANCE

defiance of the " world's rebuke." Home politics and the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress of Verona (November-December 1822) suggested a satire entitled " The Age of See also:

• BRONZE

Bronze " (published April 1, 1823) . It is, as he said, " See also:

• STILTED

stilted," and cries out for notes, but it embodies some of his finest and most vigorous work as a satirist . By the middle of February (1823) he had completed The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island; or See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and his Comrades (published June 26, 1823) . The sources are See also:

• BLIGH, WILLIAM (1754-1817)

Bligh's Narrative of the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny of the See also:

• BOUNTY (through O. Fr. bontet, from Lat. bonitas, goodness)

Bounty, and Mariner's Account of the See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

Tonga Islands . Satire and tale are a reversion to his earlier method . The See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of The Island is hurried and unequal, but there is a deep and See also:

• TENDER

tender See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note in the love-story and the See also:

• RECITAL (from Lat. recitare, to read out, particularly of a public document)

recital of the " feasts and loves and See also:

• WARS

wars " of the islanders . The poetic See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty has been " softened into feeling " by the experience of life . When The Island was finished, Byron went on with Don Juan .

Early in March the news reached him that he had been elected a member of the Greek Committee, a small See also:

• BODY

body of influential Liberals who had taken up the cause of the liberation of See also:

• GREECE

Greece . Byron at once offered money and advice, and after some hesitation on the See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of See also:

• HEALTH

health, determined " to go to Greece." His first step was to sell the " Bolivar " to Lord See also:

• BLESSINGTON, MARGUERITE, COUNTESS OF (1789-1849)

Blessington, and to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase the " See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules," a See also:

• COLLIER, ARTHUR (1680-1732)
• COLLIER, JEREMY (1650-1726)
• COLLIER, JOHN PAYNE (1789–1883)

collier-built tub of 1 20 tons . On the 23rd of July the " Hercules " sailed from Leghorn and anchored off See also:

• CEPHALONIA (Ital. Cefalonia, ancient and modern official Greek Cephallenia, Ke¢aXMvia)

Cephalonia on the 3rd of August . The party on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board consisted of Byron, Pietro Gamba, Trelawny, See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne and six or seven servants . The next four months were spent at Cephalonia, at first on board the " Hercules," in the See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of See also:

• ARGOSTOLI (anc. Cephallenia)

Argostoli and afterwards at Metaxata . The object of this delay was to ascertain the real state of affairs in Greece . The revolutionary Greeks were split up into parties, not to say factions, and there were several leaders . It was a question to which leader he would attach himself . At length a See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message reached him which inspired him with confidence . He received a See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons from See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• MAVROCORDATO, MAVROCORDAT

Mavrocordato, a man of birth and See also:

• EDUCATION

education, urging him to come at once to Missolonghi, and enclosing a request from the legislative body " to co-operate with Mavrocordato in the organization of western Greece." Byron felt that he could act with a " clear See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience " in putting himself at the disposal of a man whom he regarded as the authorized leader and champion of the Greeks . He sailed from Argostoli on the 29th of December 1823, and after an adventurous voyage landed at Missolonghi on the 5th of January 1824 . He met with a royal reception .

Byron may have sought, but he did not find, " a soldier's grave." During his three months' residence at Missolonghi he accomplished little and he endured much . He advanced large sums of money for the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the troops, for repair and construction of fortifications, for the provision of medical appliances . He brought opposing parties into line, and served as a See also:

• LINK

link between See also:

• ODYSSEUS (in Latin Ulixes, incorrectly written Ulysses)

Odysseus; the democratic leader of the insurgents, and the " prince " Mavrocordato . He was eager to take the field, but he never got the chance . A revolt in the Morea, and the repeated disaffection of his Suliote guard pre-vented him from undertaking the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of Epacto, an exploit which he had reserved for his own leadership . He was beset with difficulties, but at length events began to move . On the 18th of March he received an invitation from Odysseus and other chiefs to attend a See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference at Salona, and by the same messenger an offer from the government to appoint him " See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-general of the enfranchised parts of Greece." He promised to attend the conference but did not See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge himself to the immediate See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . But to Salona he never came . " Roads and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers were impassable," and the conference was inevitably postponed . His health had given way, but he does not seem to have realized that his life was in danger . On the 15th of February he was struck down by an epileptic fit, which left him speechless though not motionless . He recovered sufficiently to conduct his business as usual, and to See also:

• DRILL

drill the troops .

But he suffered from dizziness in the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and spasms in the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest, and a few days laterhe was seized with a second though slighter convulsion . These attacks may have hastened but they did not cause his death . For the first week of April the weather confined him to the house, but on the 9th a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter from his sister raised his spirits and tempted him to ride out with Gamba . It came on to See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, and though he was drenched to the skin he insisted on dismounting and returning in an open boat to the See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay in front of his house . Two hours later he was seized with See also:

• AGUE (from Lat. acuta, sharp; sc. febris, fever)

ague and violent rheumatic pains . On the 11th he rode out once more through the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive groves, attended by his escort of Suliote See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards, but for the last time . Whether he had got his deathblow, or whether copious See also:

• BLOOD

blood-letting made recovery impossible, he gradually See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew worse, and on the ninth day of his illness fell into a comatose See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep . It was reported that in his See also:

• DELIRIUM (a Latin medical term for madness, from delirare, to be mad, literally to wander from the lira, or furrow)

delirium he had called out, half in English, half in Italian, " Forward—forward—courage! follow my example—don't be afraid !" and that he tried to send a last message to his sister and to his wife . He died at six o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock in the evening of the 19th of April 1824, aged See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-six years and three months . The Greeks were heartbroken . Mavrocordato gave orders that thirty-seven See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute-guns should be fired at daylight and decreed a general See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning of twenty-one days . His body was embalmed and lay in state .

On the 25th of May his remains, all but the heart, which is buried at Missolonghi, were sent back to England, and were finally laid beneath the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village church of Hucknall-Torkard on the 16th of July 1824 . The authorities would not See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction See also:

• BURIAL

burial in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster Abbey, and there is neither bust nor statue of Lord Byron in Poets' Corner . The title passed to his first cousin as 7th baron, from whom the subsequent barons were descended . The poet's daughter Ada (d . 1852) predeceased her mother, but the See also:

• BARONY

barony of Wentworth went to her heirs . She was the first wife of Baron King, who in 1838 was created 1st earl of Lovelace, and had two sons (of whom the younger, b . 1839, d . 1906, was 2nd earl of Lovelace) and a daughter, Lady Anne, who married See also:

• WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid S . See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

Blunt (q.v.) . On the death of the 2nd earl the barony of Wentworth went to his daughter and only child, and the earldom of Lovelace to his half-brother by the 1st earl's second wife . Great men are seldom misjudged . The world passes See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence on them, and there is no See also:

• APPEAL

appeal .

Byron's contemporaries judged him by the See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and temper of his works, by his own confessions or self-revelations in prose and verse, by the facts of his life as reported in the See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, by the talk of the town . His letters, his journals, the testimony of a dozen memorialists are at the disposal of the See also:

• MODERN

modern biographer . Moore thinks that Byron's character was obliterated by his versatility, his mobility, that he was carried away by his See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, and became the thing he wished to be, or conceived himself as becoming . But his nature was not See also:

• CHAMELEON

chameleon-like . Self-will was the very See also:

• PULSE

pulse of the See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine . Pride ruled his years . All through his life, as child and youth and man, his one aim and endeavour was the subjection of other people's wishes to, his own . He would subject even fate if he could . He has two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECTS

objects in view, glory, in the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French rather than the English use of the word, and passion . It is hard to say which was the strongest or the dearest, but, on the whole, within his " little life " passion prevailed . Other inclinations he could master . Poetry was often but not always an exaltation and a relief .

He could fulfil his tasks in " hours of gloom." If he had not been a great poet he would have gained See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit as a painstaking and laborious man of letters . His habitual See also:

• TEMPERANCE

temperance was the outcome of a stern resolve . He had no scruples, but he kept his body in subjection as a means to an end . In his youth Byron was a cautious spendthrift . Even when he was " cursedly dipped " he knew what he was about; and afterwards, when his income was sufficient for his requirements, he kept a hold on his See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse . He loved display, and as he admitted, spent money on See also:

• WOMEN

women, but he checked his accounts and made both ends meet . On the other hand, the " See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of continency " he did not possess, or trouble himself to acquire . He was, to use his own phrase, " passionate of body," and his desires were stronger than his will . There are points of Byron's character with regard to which opinion is divided . Candid he certainly was to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of brutality, but was he sincere ? Was he as melancholy as his poetry implies ? Did he pose as pessimist or misanthropist, or did he speak out of the bitterness of his soul ?

It stands to reason that Byron knew that his sorrow and his despair would excite public interest, and that he was not ashamed to exhibit " the See also:

• PAGEANT

pageant of a bleeding heart." But it does not follow that he was a hypocrite . His See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with mankind, his anger against fate, were perfectly genuine . His outcry is, in fact, the anguish of a baffled will . Byron was too self-conscious, too much interested in himself, to take any pleasures in imaginary woes, or to credit himself with imaginary vices . Whether he told the whole truth is another matter . He was naturally a truthful man and his friends lived in dread of unguarded disclosures, but his communications were not so free as they seemed . There was a See also:

• STRING

string to the end of the See also:

• KITE

kite . Byron was kindly and generous by nature . He took See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure in helping necessitous authors, men and women, not at all en grand seigneur, or without counting the cost, but because he knew what poverty meant, and a fellow-feeling made him kind . Even in Venice he set aside a fixed sum for charitable purposes . It was to his credit that neither libertinism nor disgrace nor remorse withered at its See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root this See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace . Cynical speeches with regard to friends and friendship, often quoted to his disadvantage, need not be taken too literally .

Byron talked for effect, and in accordance with the whim of the moment . His acts do not correspond with his words . Byron rejected and repudiated both See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic orthodoxy, but like the Athenians he was " exceedingly religious." He could not, he did not wish to, detach himself from a belief in an Invisible Power . " A fearful looking for of judgment " haunted him to the last . There is an increasing tendency on the part of modern critics to See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast a doubt on Byron's sanity . It is true that he inherited bad blogd on both sides of his family, that he was of a neurotic temperament, that at one time he maddened himself with drink, but there is no evidence that his See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain was actually diseased . Speaking figuratively, he may have been " half mad," but, if so, it was a derangement of the will, not of the mind . He was responsible for his actions, and they rise up in judgment against him . He put See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence before See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty . He made a byword of his marriage and brought lifelong sorrow on his wife . If, as Goethe said, he was " the greatest See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent " of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, he associated that talent with See also:

• SCANDAL

scandal and reproach . But he was born with certain See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble qualities which did not fail him at his worst .

He was courageous, he was kind, and he loved truth rather than lies . He was a worker and a fighter . He hated tyranny, and was prepared to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice money and ease and life in the cause of popular freedom . If the issue of his See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call to arms was greater and other than he designed or foresaw, it was a generous See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct which impelled him to begin the struggle . With regard to the criticism of his works, Byron's personality has always confused the issue . Politics, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, morality, have confused, and still confuse, the issue . The question for the modern critic is, of what permanent value is Byron's poetry ? What did he achieve for art, for the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect, for the spirit, and in what degree does he still give pleasure to readers of See also:

• AVERAGE

average intelligence ? It cannot be denied that he stands out from other poets of his century as a great creative artist, that his See also:

• CANVAS

canvas is crowded with new and original images, additions to already exsiting types of poetic workmanship . It has been said that Byron could only represent himself under various disguises, that Childe Harold and The Corsair, Lara and Manfred and Don Juan, are variants of a single personality, the egotist who is at war with his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows, the generous but nefarious sentimentalist who sins and suffers and yet is to be pitied for his suffering . None the less, with whatever limitations as artist or moralist, he invented characters and types of characters real enough and distinct enough to leave their See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark on society as well as on literature . These masks or replicas of his own personality were formative of thought, and were powerful agents in the See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of sentiment and opinion .

In language which was intelligible and persuasive, under shapes and forms which were suggestive and inspiring, Byron delivered a message of liberation . There was a double See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive at work in his energies as a poet . He wrote, as he said, because " hismind was full " of his own loves, his own griefs, but also to See also:

• REGISTER

register a protest against some See also:

• EXTERNAL

external tyranny of law or faith or See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom . His own countrymen owe Byron another debt . His poems were a liberal education in the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs of " the gorgeous East," in the scenery, the art, the history and politics of Italy and Greece . He widened the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon of his contemporaries, bringing within their See also:

• KEN
• KEN, THOMAS (1637-1711)

ken wonders and beauties hitherto unknown or unfamiliar, and in so doing he heightened and cultivated, he " touched with emotion," the unlettered and unimaginative many, that " reading public " which despised or eluded the refinements and subtleties of less popular writers . To the student of literature the first half of the 19th century is the age of Byron . He has failed to retain his influence over English readers . The knowledge, the culture of which he was the immediate channel, were speedily available through other sources . The politics of the Revolution neither interested nor affected the Liberalism or Radicalism of the middle classes . It was not only the loftier and wholesomer poetry of Wordsworth and of See also:

• TENNYSON, ALFRED TENNYSON

Tennyson which averted See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm from Byron, not only moral earnestness and religious revival but the optimism and the See also:

• MATERIALISM (from Lat. materia, matter)

materialism of commercial prosperity . As time went on, a severer and more intelligent criticism was brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear on his handiwork as a poet .

It was pointed out that his constructions were loose and ambiguous, that his grammar was faulty, that his See also:

• RHYTHM (Greek pvBµds, from bap, to flow)

rhythm was inharmonious, and it was argued that these defects and blemishes were outward and visible signs of a lack of fineness in the man's spiritual texture; that below the sentiment and behind the See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric the thoughts and ideas were mean and See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace . There was a suspicion of artifice, a questioning of the passion as genuine . Poetry came to be regarded more and more as a source of spiritual comfort, if not a religious exercise, yet, in some sort, a substitute for religion . There was little or nothing in Byron's poetry which fulfilled this want . He had no message for seekers after truth . See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, in his preface to The Poetry of Byron, prophesied that " when the year 1900 is turned, and our nation comes to recount the poetic glories in the century which has then just ended, her first names with her will be those of Byron and Wordsworth." That prophecy still See also:

• WAITS (A.S. wacan, to " wake " or " watch,")

waits fulfilment, but without doubt there has been a reconsideration of Byron's place in literature, and he stands higher than he did, say, in 1875 . His quarrel with orthodoxy neither alarms nor provokes the modern reader . Cynical or flippant turns of speech, which distressed and out-raged his contemporaries, are taken as they were meant, for witty or humorous by-play . He is regarded as the See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald and champion of revolt . He is praised for his "sincerity and strength," for his single-mindedness, his directness, his audacity . A dispassionate criticism recognizes the force and splendour of his rhetoric . The " See also:

• PURPLE

purple patches " have stood the See also:

• WEAR

wear and See also:

• TEAR

tear of time .

Byron may have mismanaged the Spenserian stanza, may have written up to or anticipated the guide-book, but the spectacle of the bull-fight at Cadiz is " for ever warm," the " See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of revelry " on the See also:

• EVE

eve of Waterloo still echoes in our ears, and Marathon and Venice, Greece and Italy, still rise up before us, " as from the stroke of an enchanter's wand." It was, however, in another vein that Byron achieved his final triumph . In Don Juan he set himself to depict life as a whole . The style is often misnamed the mock-heroic . It might be more accurately described as humorous-realistic . His " plan was to have no plan " in the sense of synopsis or See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, but in the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of his See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero to " unpack his heart," to avenge himself on his enemies, See also:

• PERSONAL

personal or See also:

• POLITICAL

political, to suggest an apology for himself and to disclose a criticism and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of life . As a satirist in the widest sense of the word, as an analyser of human nature, he comes, at whatever distance, after and yet next to Shakespeare . It is a test of the greatness of Don Juan that its reputation has slowly increased and that, in spite of its supposed immoral tendency, in spite of occasional grossness and voluptuousness, it has come to be recognized as Byron's masterpiece . Don Juan will be read for its own sake, for its beauty, its humour, its faithfulness . It is a " hymn to the earth," but it is a human sequence to " its own See also:

• MUSIC

music chaunted." In his own lifetime Byron stood higher on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe than in England or even in America . His works as they came out were translated into French, into German, into Italian, into Russian, and the stream of translation has never ceased to flow . The Bride of Abydos has been translated into ten, Cain into nine See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . Of Manfred there is one Bohemian translation, two Danish, two Dutch, two French, nine German, three Hungarian, three Italian, two See also:

• POLISH

Polish, one Romaic, one Rumanian, four Russian and three See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations .

The dictum or See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict of Goethe that " the English may think of Byron as they please, but this is certain that they show no poet who is to be compared with him " was and is the keynote of continental See also:

• EUROPEAN

European criticism . A survey of European literature is a testimony to the universality of his influence . See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo, Lamartine, See also:

• DELAVIGNE, JEAN FRANCOIS CASIMIR (1793-1843)

Delavigne, Alfred de See also:

• MUSSET, LOUIS CHARLES ALFRED DE (1810-18S7)

Musset, in France; Borne, See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller and See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; the Italian poets See also:

• LEOPARDI, GIACOMO, COUNT (1798-1837)

Leopardi and See also:

• GIUSTI, GIUSEPPE (1809–1850)

Giusti; See also:

• PUSHKIN, ALEXANDER (1799-1837)

Pushkin and See also:

• LERMONTOV, MIKHAIL YUREVICH (1814–1841)

Lermontov among the Russians; Michiewicz and Slowacki among the Poles—more or less, as eulogists or imitators or disciples—were of the following of Byron . This fact is beyond dispute, that after the first outburst of popularity he has touched and swayed other nations rather than his own . The part he played or seemed to play in revolutionary politics endeared him to those who were struggling to be free . He stood for freedom of thought and of life . He made himself the mouth-piece of an impassioned and welcome protest against the See also:

• HYPOCRISY

hypocrisy and arrogance of his order and his See also:

• RACE

race . He lived on the continent and was known to many men in many cities . It has been argued that foreigners are insensible to his defects as a writer, and that this may account for an astonishing and perplexing preference . The cause is rather to be sought in the quality of his art . It was as the creator of new types, " forms more real than living man," that Byron appealed to the artistic sense and to the imagination of Latin, Teuton or Slay . That " he taught us little " of the things of the spirit, that he knew no cure for the sickness of the soul, were considerations which lay outside the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of literary criticism .

" It is a mark," says Goethe (Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung and Wahrheit, 1876, iii . 125), " of true poetry, that as a See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel it knows how to free us from the earthly burdens which press upon us, by inward serenity, by outward See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm." Now of this " secular gospel " the redemption from " real woes " by the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition of imaginary glory, and imaginary delights, Byron was both prophet and evangelist . Byron was 5 ft . 8 in. in height, and strongly built; only with difficulty and varying success did he prevent himself from growing See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat . At five-and-thirty he was extremely thin . He was " very slightly lame," but he was painfully conscious of his deformity and walked as little and as seldom as he could . He had a small head covered and fringed with dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or See also:

• AUBURN
• AUBURN (from the Low Lat. alburnus, whitish, light-coloured)

auburn curls . His forehead was high and narrow, of a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble whiteness . His eyes were of a See also:

• LIGHT

light grey See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, clear and luminous . His See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose was straight and well-shaped, but " from being a little too thick, it looked better in See also:

• PROFILE

profile than in front See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face." Moore says that it was in " the mouth and See also:

• CHIN

chin that the great beauty as well as expression of his fine countenance lay." The upper See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip was of a Grecian shortness avd the corners descending . His complexion was See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale and colourless . See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott speaks of " his beautiful pale face—like a spirit's good or evil." Charles Matthews said that " he was the only man to whom he could apply the word beautiful." See also:

• COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849)
• COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE COLERIDGE, 1ST BARON
• COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834)
• COLERIDGE, SARA (1802–1852)
• COLERIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1790-1876)

Coleridge said that " if you had seen him you could scarce disbelieve him .

. . his eyes the open portals of the sun —things of light and for light." He was likened to " the See also:

• GOD

god or the Vatican," the See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo See also:

• BELVIDERE

Belvidere . The best-known portraits are: (r) Byron at the age of seven by See also:

• KAY, JOHN (1742-1826)
• KAY, JOSEPH (1821-1878)

Kay of Edinburgh; (2) a drawing of Lord Byron at Cambridge by Gilchrist (i8o8); (3) a portrait in See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils by George See also:

• SANDERS, DANIEL (1819-1896)
• SANDERS, NICHOLAS (c. 1530-1581)

Sanders (1809); (4) a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature by Sanders (1812); (5) a portrait in oils by Richard See also:

• WESTALL, RICHARD (1765—1836)

Westall, R.A . (1813); (6) a portrait in oils (Byron in Albanian See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress) by Thomas See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, R.A . (1813); (7) a portrait in oils by Phillips (1813); (8-9) a sketch for a miniature, and a miniature by James See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes (1815); (10) a sketch by George Henry Harlow (1818); (11) a portrait in oils by Vincenzio See also:

• CAMUCCINI, VINCENZO (1773-1844)

Camuccini (in the Vatican) c . 1822; (12) a portraitin oils by W . H . West (1822);.(13) a sketch by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count D'Orsay (1823) . Busts were taken by Bertel See also:

• THORWALDSEN, BERTEL (1770.1844)

Thorwaldsen (1817) and by Lorenzo See also:

• BARTOLINI, LORENZO (1777-1850)

Bartolini (1822) . The statue (1829) in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge, is by Thorwaldsen after the bust taken in 1817 . The principal See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies, critical notices, See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs, &c., are:—Journey through Albania . . with Lord Byron, by J . C .

Hobhouse (1812; reprinted in 2 vols., 1813 and 1855) ; Memoirs of the Life and Writings of . . . Lord Byron [by Dr John See also:

• WATKINS

Watkins] (1822); Letters on the Character and Poetical Genius of Lord Byron, by Sir E . See also:

• BRYDGES, SIR SAMUEL EGERTON (1762-1837)

Brydges, Bart . (1824); Correspondence of Lord Byron with a Friend (3 vols., See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1824) ; Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron, by R . C . Dallas (1824); Journal of the Conversations of Lord Byron, by Capt . T . Medwin (1824); Last Days of Lord Byron, by W . See also:

• PARRY (from Fr. parer, to ward off)
• PARRY, SIR CHARLES HUBERT HASTINGS, BART
• PARRY, SIR WILLIAM EDWARD (179o–1855)

Parry (1824); Narrative of a Second Visit to Greece, by E . Blaquiere (1825); A Narrative of Lord Byron's Last Journey to Greece, by Count Gamba (1825); The Life, Writings, Opinions and Times of Lord Byron (3 vols., 1825) ; The Spirit of the Age, by W . See also:

• HAZLITT, WILLIAM (1778-1830)

Hazlitt (1825) ; Memoir of the Life and Writings of Lord Byron, by George See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton (1826); Correspondence of Byron and some of his Contemporaries, by J .

H . Leigh Hunt (2 vols., 1828) ; Letters and Journals of Lord Byron, with Notices of his Life, by Thomas Moore (2 vols., 1830) ; The Life of Lord Byron, by J . See also:

• GALT
• GALT, JOHN (1779-1839)
• GALT, SIR ALEXANDER TILLOCH (1817-1893)

Galt (183o) ; Conversations on Religion with Lord Byron, by J . See also:

• KENNEDY
• KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL (1804-1889)
• KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS (1788-1879)
• KENNEDY, WALTER (c. 1460–c. 1508)

Kennedy (183o); Conversations of Lord Byron with the Countess of Blessington (18J4); Critical and Historical Essays, by T . B . See also:

• MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY, BARON (1800-1859)

Macaulay, i . 311-352 (1843); Lord Byron juge par les temoins de sa vie (1869), My Recollections of Lord Byron, by the Countess Guiccioli (1869) ; Lady Byron Vindicated, A History of the Byron Controversy, by H . Beecher Stowe (187o); Lord Byron, a Biography, by Karl See also:

• ELZE, KARL (1821–1889)

Elze (1872); Kunst and Alterthum, Goethe's Sammtliche Werke (1874), vol. xiii. p . 641; Memoir of the Rev . F . Hodgson (2 vols., 1878) ; The Real Lord Byron, by J . C .

Jeaffreson (2 vols., 1883) ; A Selection, &c., by A . C . See also:

• SWINBURNE, ALGERNON CHARLES (1837–1909)

Swinburne (1885) ; Records of Shelley, Byron and the Author, by E . J . Trelawny (1887); Memoirs of John Murray, by S . See also:

• SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904)

Smiles (2 vols., 1891); Poetry of Byron, chosen and arranged by Matthew Arnold (preface) (1892); The Siege of Corinth, edited by E . Kolbing (1893); Prisoner of Chillon and other Poems, edited by E . Kolbing (1869); The Works of Lord Byron, edited by W . See also:

• HENLEY, JOHN (1692-1759)
• HENLEY, WILLIAM ERNEST (1849-1903)

Henley, vol. i . (1897); A . Brandl's " Goethes Verhaltniss zu Byron," Goethe Jahrbuch, zwanzigster See also:

• BAND

Band (1899) ; Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, by G . See also:

• BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1790–1867)

Brandis (6 vols., 1901-1905), translated from Ilauptstromungen der Literatur See also:

• DES

des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts, 4 Bde .

(See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1872-1876); See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature, vol. iii . (1903) art . " Byron," by T . See also:

• WATTS, ALARIC ALEXANDER (1797-1864)
• WATTS, GEORGE FREDERICK (1817-1904)
• WATTS, ISAAC (1674-1748)

Watts See also:

• DUNTON, JOHN (1659-1733)

Dunton ; Studies in Poetry and Criticism, by J . Churton See also:

• COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729)
• COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908)
• COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1787–1847)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824–1889)

Collins (1905) ; Lord Byron, sein Leben, &c., by Richard See also:

• ACKERMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756–1801)
• ACKERMANN, RUDOLPH (1764-1834)

Ackermann; Byron, 3 vols. in the Biblioteka velikikh pisatelei pod redaktsei, edited by S . A . Vengesova (St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, '906): a variorum translation; Byron et le romantisme See also:

• FRANCAIS, ANTOINE, COUNT (1756-1836)

francais, by Edmond Esteve (1907) . (E . H .